FDA推翻原决定,同意审评Moderna的mRNA流感疫苗

FDA在Moderna修订申报材料后,推翻此前拒绝受理的决定,同意审评其mRNA流感疫苗申请。该机构将评估50-64岁人群的完全批准以及65岁及以上人群的加速批准,并将目标决策日期定为2026年8月5日。

美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug AdministrationFDA)推翻原决定,并同意审评Moderna的mRNA流感疫苗申请。该公司于周三宣布这一消息。就在一周前,该机构曾拒绝受理该申请,这一决定令生物技术行业震动。

FDA生物制品评价与研究中心(Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research,CBER)在一次A类会议(Type A meeting)后,接受了mRNA-1010的修订后申报材料。此次会议解决了此前“拒绝受理(Refusal-to-File)”函中提出的问题。该机构将《处方药使用者付费法案》(Prescription Drug User Fee Act,PDUFA)的目标日期定为2026年8月5日。

按照修订后的监管路径,FDA将考虑对50至64岁成人给予完全批准,对65岁及以上成人给予加速批准(accelerated approval),并要求在老年人群中开展一项额外的上市后研究(post-marketing study)。若获批,该疫苗适应证将为美国50岁及以上成人。

最初的拒绝受理源于Moderna临床试验的设计。在一封日期为2月3日的信中,该机构表示,Moderna在试验中选择使用已获批的标准剂量流感疫苗(standard-dose influenza vaccines),包括GlaxoSmithKline生产的Fluarix,“并不反映当前可获得的最佳标准治疗(best-available standard of care)”,因此该试验不属于“充分且良好对照(adequate and well-controlled)”。

Moderna的3期(Phase 3)试验纳入了近41,000名50岁及以上成人。公司称,FDA在18个月前已同意其研究设计。根据公司声明,Moderna在提交申请时还纳入了另一项试验的数据,该试验将其mRNA疫苗与高剂量流感疫苗(high-dose flu vaccine)进行比较。“在提交前的书面反馈或会议中,[FDA生物制品评价与研究中心]从未表示会拒绝审评该申报资料。”

FDA科学家此前曾建议公司在65岁及以上受试者中使用推荐的高剂量流感疫苗。但该机构最终仍在统一标准剂量的方案上签字认可,称其“可接受(acceptable)”。Moderna同意在部分老年受试者中加入与高剂量疫苗的比较,并向FDA提供额外分析。

拒绝受理最初申请的决定由该机构高层官员Vinay Prasad作出。他是FDA生物制品评价与研究中心负责人,并亲自推翻了疫苗中心资深科学家的意见。

卫生与公众服务部(Health and Human Services Department)一位发言人在邮件声明中表示:“FDA之所以拒绝受理Moderna的申请,是因为该公司拒绝遵循FDA在2024年给出的非常明确的指导,即在临床试验中用CDC推荐的流感疫苗与其产品进行对照,以比较安全性和有效性(efficacy)。”该发言人周三表示,FDA与Moderna举行了一次会议,促使公司对该实验性疫苗(experimental shot)的申请进行了修改,FDA随后予以接受。“FDA将在审评和潜在许可(licensure)阶段一如既往地保持高标准,正如其对所有产品所做的那样。”

FDA局长Marty Makary周二在美国药品研究与制造商协会(Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of AmericaPhRMA)的一场活动上暗示,FDA向Moderna发出的拒绝受理函并非该公司疫苗的终点。他在华盛顿特区举行的PhRMA论坛上表示:“在我看来,那封信是对话的一部分,你会看到公司与机构之间的沟通;而且在那封信之后,他们始终可以请求更为细致的审评。……但这就是流程的一部分。这是一段对话。”

公司首席执行官在公告中表示:“我们感谢FDA在建设性的A类会议(Type A meeting)中的沟通,并同意推进我们的申请进入审评。若获得FDA批准,我们期待在今年晚些时候让我们的流感疫苗可供使用,使美国老年人能够获得一种新的选择,以保护自己免受流感侵袭。”

在疫情期间,Moderna利用其mRNA技术迅速开发并生产了COVID-19疫苗。公司希望也能用该技术生产流感疫苗。Moderna表示,该疫苗的总投资超过10亿美元,其中包括资产管理公司Blackstone最高7.5亿美元的投资。

公司称,在获得FDA批准的前提下,新疫苗将为下一流感季做好准备。mRNA-1010的申请也已在欧洲、加拿大和澳大利亚被受理进入监管审评,计划于2026年进行更多申报。公司表示,在持续的监管审评结果允许的情况下,预计2026年可能获得初步批准。

消息公布后,Moderna股价上涨逾3%。在最初被拒绝受理后,该公司股价曾下跌12%,市值蒸发近20亿美元。

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