The Effects of Beverages on Food Liking

Summary

The use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in replacement of nutritive sweeteners (NS) could be a potential weight loss strategy as it may reduce energy intake. One concern with the replacement of NS with NNS is the risk of caloric compensation after consumption of NNS. Most studies have examined the effect of NNS foods and beverages on energy intake in the short-term (one-day or less), with results suggesting lack of compensation in the very short-term (less than one day), and then compensation, or over compensation, when the NNS products are consumed on one day with measures of energy intake taken over 1 to 2 days (Anton et al., 2010; Lavin et al., 1997; Overduin et al., 2016; Appleton et al., 2007; Piernas et al., 2013). Given these mixed results, it is still not clear if NNS foods and beverages are a beneficial strategy for decreasing energy intake. However most studies have been in lab-based settings, in which participants are consuming provided food at specific times. No study has reported on the effect of NNS foods or beverages consumed over several days and energy intake on these days when participants are in free-living situations.

Therefore, the purpose of this investigation is to evaluate how NNS beverage consumption affects energy intake in free-living situations over a span of three days. Through a 3x4 mixed design, participants will be randomized into one of three groups: NNS beverage, NS beverage, or carbonated water (control). Participants will be encouraged to go about their normal daily activities and not change any other aspect except for drink consumption. One baseline and three, 24-hour dietary recalls will be collected over the course of the study to analyze energy intake. The specific aim of this investigation is to determine if caloric compensation occurs during 3-day exposure to NNS beverages.

Conditions

• Obesity

Interventions

OTHER

Nutritive Sweetener

Participants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water.

OTHER

Non-Nutritive Sweetener

Participants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water.

OTHER

Carbonated Water

Participants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• The University of Tennessee, Knoxville

  lead OTHER

Principal Investigators

• Hannah S Grider · University of Tennessee

Study Design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

SCREENING

Masking

NONE

Model

FACTORIAL

Eligibility

Min Age

18 Years

Max Age

35 Years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Timeline & Regulatory

Start

2018-05-22

Primary Completion

2018-09-30

Completion

2018-09-30

Countries

• United States

Study Locations