Mind-Body Modalities for Nursing Students

Summary

Background: Nursing students around the world can experience tremendous stress due to their multi-faceted responsibilities. Stress is related to negative health and academic outcomes. Mind-body connection modalities have been used successfully to reduce stress and improve health among healthy and ill individuals in various cultures, but their effects have not yet been studied in the Arab culture. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine and compare the effects of three of such modalities including progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), guided imagery (GI), and mindfulness meditation (MM) on stress and health outcomes in Jordanian nursing students.

Methods: Using a randomized controlled design, 124 nursing students will be randomly assigned to 4 groups at a large university in Jordan. The 3 experimental groups (PMR, GI, and MM) will participate in 5 30-minute sessions (one session/week for 5 weeks) led by experienced trainers, in a private room during their clinical days. The control group will stay calm for 30 minutes during introducing the study interventions in another room at the university. The health outcomes will be measured at baseline (Time 1) and the end (Time 3) of the intervention in each group using different physical and self-report measures classified into different health categories such as cognitive health outcomes (executive brain function, stressful appraisal, mindfulness), physical health outcomes (e.g. physical symptoms, heart rate, blood pressure, neurobiological markers such as dopamine, serotonin, cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline), and psychological health outcomes (e.g. depression, anxiety).

Conditions

• Stress Reaction
• Stress, Psychological
• Stress, Physiological

Interventions

BEHAVIORAL

Progressive muscle relaxation

PMR (Smith Version) involves a tense-let go exercise of 11 muscle groups including hand, arm, arm and sides, back, shoulder, face, front of neck, stomach, chest, leg, and foot. This tense-let go exercise is performed twice for each muscle group. The tensing up phase for each muscle group should last for 5 to 10 seconds and the letting go phase for 20-30 seconds. Simultaneously, the subjects will be asked to pay attention to the sensations of muscle tension and relaxation. After the tense-let go exercise, subjects are asked to systematically scan the muscle groups to notice and let go any remaining muscle tension. The entire exercise should take around 30 minutes, not counting instructions and times of measurement \[11\].

BEHAVIORAL

Guided Imagery

Guided imagery (Smith Version) involves creating in one's mind or imagining a passive relaxing places or activities. In sense imagery, one simply imagines sensations associated with a relaxing setting or activity. The relaxation approach involves the sense of sight, sound, touch, and smell. The categories of stimuli consist of: (1) Travel such as boats, plains, trains, balloons, horses, (2) outdoor nature settings such as mountains, gardens, and forest, (3) water such as rivers, lakes, ocean, beach, rain, and (4) indoor settings such as childhood home, castle, religious institution, and cabin \[11\].

BEHAVIORAL

Mindfulness Meditation

Smith version of the mindfulness meditation will be used in the current study. The mindful mediators are neutral observers who view the world as it is, without reactions, judgments, and evaluations. They quietly attend to, note, and let go of every internal external stimulus such as thought, feeing, sensation, sound, idea that enters awareness. They do not try to think about, push away, and do anything with these stimuli experienced and do not have to figure out the connections between each stimulus. They simply let each stimulus come and go and wait for the next stimulus. They do not have to be concerned about distractions. Each time they are distracted, they note it as yet another passing stimulus (Ah, a distraction… how interesting") \[11\].

OTHER

Control group

Participants in the control condition will be instructed to sit with their eyes closed and relax during the intervention periods. Participants in the control group will follow an identical procedure and time periods as the experimental groups. For instance, when the experimental groups will practice for 30 minutes, the participants in the control group will be asked to sit with eyes closed and relax for 30 minutes.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Jordan University of Science and Technology

  lead OTHER

Principal Investigators

• Hossam Alhawatmeh, PhD · Jordan University of Science and Technology

Study Design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

SINGLE

Model

PARALLEL

Eligibility

Min Age

18 Years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Timeline & Regulatory

Start

2020-10-01

Primary Completion

2021-03-30

Completion

2021-05-30

Countries

• Jordan

Study Locations