Cancer Loyalty Card Study 2 (CLOCS-2)

Summary

Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide and is responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths yearly. Cancer-related deaths can be reduced if patients are diagnosed and treated early. Delay in cancer diagnosis can occur at any point along the diagnostic spectrum, from the first observation of symptoms to the start of treatment. Diagnosing cancer when it is still at an early stage, before it has spread, gives surgery, radiotherapy and other treatments the best chance of working.

Therefore, early diagnosis is the most important way to improve cancer outcomes.Most of the cancers usually presents with vague and non-alarming symptoms. Most individuals are diagnosed late when the cancer has already spread, and the prognosis is poor. There are over 200 different types of cancer that can cause many different signs and symptoms. Sometimes symptoms affect specific body areas, such as abdomen or skin. But signs can also be more general, and include weight loss, tiredness (fatigue) or unexplained pain. The type of symptoms varies from person to person.

The major reasons for not presenting to the GP with symptoms such as these are "not wanting to waste the GP's time" and normalisation of these symptoms.

The persistence of a symptom, social influence and awareness encourage help-seeking behaviours in primary care. However, few believe their symptom(s) might be a sign of cancer. Consequently, people might choose to self-manage their symptoms by using over-the-counter medication, and to seek advice from other sources, (pharmacists, family, internet), rather than a primary care physician.

RATIONALE FOR CURRENT STUDY

An early cancer diagnosis is essential for receiving treatment as early as possible to have the best chance for successful treatment. Early diagnosis of cancer can be challenging. Sometimes, the cancer symptoms resemble common illnesses and could resolve with the use of over-the-counter medications and other remedies until they become persistent or debilitating. The present study focuses on ten cancer forms: colon, oesophageal, stomach, liver, bladder, uterine, vulval, ovarian, endometrial and pancreatic. Patients diagnosed with the cancers mentioned above often report experiencing vague symptoms (such as abdominal or back pain, indigestion, feeling full etc). They often use over-the-counter medication to manage their symptoms before seeing a doctor.

Information about how often and what products participants purchase (e.g. pain killers, digestive products and natural remedies) to care for these symptoms could help identify these cancers a few crucial weeks or months earlier and encourage people to seek help sooner from their doctors.

Conditions

• Pancreatic Cancer
• Colon Cancer
• Oesophageal Cancer
• Stomach Cancer
• Liver Cancer
• Bladder Cancer
• Uterine Cancer
• Vulvar Cancer
• Ovarian Cancer
• Endometrial Cancer

Interventions

OTHER

Cases & Controls

Participants will complete a brief online questionnaire at REDCap about their health, clinical history and lifestyle choices. The participant will only need to provide a photo ID and utility bill for ID verification, if the retailer cannot match participant details. After recruitment the participants purchase history in the past 6 years will be requested from the retailers.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• University of Birmingham

  collaborator OTHER

• University of Nottingham

  collaborator OTHER

• University of Central Lancashire

  collaborator OTHER

• Cancer Research UK

  collaborator OTHER

• Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust

  collaborator OTHER

• Imperial College London

  lead OTHER

Principal Investigators

• Dr James Flanagan · Imperial College London

Eligibility

Min Age

18 Years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Timeline & Regulatory

Start

2026-02-04

Primary Completion

2027-02-28

Completion

2027-04-30

Countries

• United Kingdom

Study Locations