Influence of Morphine or Ketamine or Saline Applied During In-hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Early Survival

Summary

A small numbers of patients (10-15%) treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are discharged from hospitals with a favorable neurologic outcome. However, a higher incidence of chest injuries (30-70%), mainly rib and sternum fractures, are observed among the survivors. It's no surprise that 6 months after cardiac arrest (CA) 50-70% of the patients who have survived continue to have pain and stress-related problems. Based on the need for the pain/stress treatment in these patients and several experimental evidences demonstrating neuroprotective features of anesthetics it is logical to presume that application of anesthesia during CPR may be indicated. In rodents exposed to hypoxic gas (5% 02, 95% N2) for 70 min, all seven animals died at the end of the experiments in the naloxone pre-treated group while only one out of seven rats died in the morphine pre-treated group, and five of seven rats died in the control group. In human volunteers, intravenously administered 60 mg of morphine did not alter cerebral blood flow and cerebral vascular resistance but markedly depressed cerebral oxygen uptake. Interestingly, in critical patients, morphine even in low doses is effective in relieving dyspnea by altering central perception and decreasing anxiety. In rats, morphine demonstrates dose- depending reduction of cerebral glucose utilization in limbic and forebrain regions. Thus, the main points of application for morphine in treatment of CA may be a reduction of oxygen/glucose consumption. Pre-treatment of zebrafish with ketamine protects against cardiac arrest-induced brain injury by inhibiting Ca2+ wave propagation and consequently it improves survival rate. Inhibition of NMDA receptors by ketamine reduces neuronal apoptosis and attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to tissue injury. The sympathomimetic effects of ketamine may facilitates recovery of systemic blood pressure during CPR. Retrospective investigations demonstrate that patients who are treated with opioids before or during CA have a statistically significantly higher survival rate and much better neurological outcome compared to untreated patients. Experimental studies have a limitation as all animals are treated with anesthesia and therefore survival rate varies between 50-90%. Thus, prospective research is urgently needed to investigate the influence of morphine or/and ketamine on survival and neurological outcome in patients with CA.

Conditions

• Cardiac Arrest

Interventions

DRUG

Morphine

Adult patients with an in-hospital cardiac arrest will be evaluated by anaesthesiologists for inclusions criteria to the study and randomised to get the blinded study medicine as addition to standard treatment of cardiac arrest. Randomization will be performed by means of sealed envelopes containing number of syringe that will be used.

DRUG

Ketamine Injectable Solution

Adult patients with an in-hospital cardiac arrest will be evaluated by anaesthesiologists for inclusions criteria to the study and randomised to get the blinded study medicine as addition to standard treatment of cardiac arrest. Randomization will be performed by means of sealed envelopes containing number of syringe that will be used.

DRUG

Saline 0.9%

Adult patients with an in-hospital cardiac arrest will be evaluated by anaesthesiologists for inclusions criteria to the study and randomised to get the blinded study medicine as addition to standard treatment of cardiac arrest. Randomization will be performed by means of sealed envelopes containing number of syringe that will be used.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• University Hospital, Akershus

  lead OTHER

Study Design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

SINGLE

Model

PARALLEL

Eligibility

Min Age

18 Years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

No

Timeline & Regulatory

Start

2021-10-01

Primary Completion

2025-01-01

Completion

2026-01-01