Working in the Heat at Simulated Altitude: Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on Physiological Strain

Summary

Extreme heat events are becoming more frequent, intense, and prolonged, increasing the risk of heat-related illness among workers performing physically demanding work in hot environments. Occupational heat-stress guidelines use work-rest schedules to limit increases in core temperature and physiological strain, but they do not clearly define the safe maximum duration of continuous work before heat-mitigation controls should begin, known as the initial stay time. Recent work has generated initial stay time recommendations for young and older workers performing moderate-intensity work in the heat; however, these recommendations were developed under normoxic conditions. In many workplaces, heat may occur alongside additional stressors such as hypoxia, including work at altitude or in oxygen-reduced environments. Hypoxia can increase cardiovascular strain, reduce arterial oxygen saturation, and impair exercise tolerance, potentially compromising heat-stress guidance developed under normal oxygen conditions. Older workers may be especially vulnerable because of age-related reductions in thermoregulatory and cardiovascular function. It remains unclear whether hypoxia increases physiological strain during work in the heat or whether current initial stay time and recovery recommendations remain protective under combined heat and hypoxic stress.

The primary objective of this study is to determine whether hypoxia increases physiological strain during moderate-intensity work in the heat in young and older males. Specifically, the study will assess whether normoxia-derived initial stay times and recovery recommendations for work at 29°C wet-bulb globe temperature (37.5°C, 35% RH) remain effective during exposure to 14% inspired oxygen, simulating approximately 3000 m altitude. Healthy young and older males will complete two simulated occupational heat exposures: heat alone and heat plus hypoxia. Participants will perform moderate-intensity treadmill work based on age-specific initial stay times, followed by prescribed work-rest cycles and seated recovery. Core temperature, cardiovascular strain, oxygen saturation, skin temperature, hydration status, perceptual responses, mood, environmental stress symptoms, and cognitive function will be assessed to determine whether hypoxia modifies responses to work in the heat. Findings will help determine whether occupational heat-stress guidance requires refinement for workers exposed to combined heat and hypoxic stress.

Conditions

• Body Temperature Changes
• Heat Stress
• Heat Exposure
• Heat Fatigue
• Hypoxia, Altitude
• Work Related Stress
• Physiological Stress

Interventions

OTHER

Simulated Occupational heat exposure under normoxic conditions

Participants complete a simulated moderate-intensity occupational heat exposure protocol involving treadmill walking in a hot environment (37.5°C, 35% RH) under normoxic conditions (\~20.9% inspired oxygen). Participants walk until they reach their initial stay time, followed by prescribed work-rest cycles and seated recovery.

OTHER

Simulated Occupational heat exposure under hypoxic conditions

Participants complete a simulated moderate-intensity occupational heat exposure protocol involving treadmill walking in a hot environment (37.5°C, 35% RH) with an added hypoxic exposure equivalent to 14% inspired oxygen. Participants walk until they reach their initial stay time, followed by prescribed work-rest cycles and seated recovery.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• University of Ottawa

  lead OTHER

Principal Investigators

• Glen P Kenny, PhD · University of Ottawa

Study Design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

BASIC_SCIENCE

Masking

SINGLE

Model

CROSSOVER

Eligibility

Min Age

18 Years

Max Age

70 Years

Sex

MALE

Healthy Volunteers

No

Timeline & Regulatory

Start

2026-06-17

Primary Completion

2026-12-31

Completion

2027-02-28

Countries

• Canada

Study Locations