Clinical and Neurophysiological Effects of tDCS on Depression in Parkinson's Disease

Summary

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by dopaminergic cell degeneration leading to neurophysiological alterations and a heterogeneous clinical presentation. In addition to motor symptoms, PD patients often experience non-motor symptoms, particularly neuropsychiatric manifestations such as depression, anxiety, and apathy. Depression is one of the most prevalent behavioral symptoms, affecting at least 50% of PD patients, with a higher incidence compared to the general population and other disabling conditions. Two main hypotheses explain the emergence of depressive symptoms: one considers depression a reactive response to progressive disability, while the other links it to the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of PD. Additionally, depression and anxiety frequently co-occur in PD, suggesting shared neurobiological pathways.

Conventional pharmacological treatments only partially address affective symptoms in PD, highlighting the need for innovative non-pharmacological therapies. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has gained attention as a potential treatment, showing promising results in improving both motor and affective symptoms in PD. While preliminary studies suggest that tDCS may significantly reduce depressive symptoms, current evidence is insufficient to establish clinical recommendations, necessitating further large-scale, randomized controlled trials.

Objectives

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of repeated tDCS sessions on depressive symptoms in PD patients. Secondary objectives include:

* Assessing the potential impact of repeated tDCS sessions on anxiety, apathy, sleep quality, and quality of life in PD patients.
* Investigating the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying depression and the effects induced by tDCS.

Methodology

Eligible patients will be randomly assigned to one of two groups:

1. Experimental Group: Patients will receive repeated sessions of active tDCS (anodal stimulation). The active electrode (35 cm²) will be placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), with the reference electrode (35 cm²) on the contralateral area. Stimulation intensity will be set at 2mA, and each session will last 20 minutes.
2. Control Group: Patients will receive sham tDCS sessions. Electrodes will be positioned identically to the active condition, but the current will only be applied for the first 5 seconds to prevent perception of the sham condition while ensuring no neuromodulatory effects. Each session will last 20 minutes.

Both groups will undergo tDCS sessions on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 19, and 26 of the study.

Assessment and Outcome Measures tDCS treatment will be administered in a hospital setting using the Newronika stimulator (CE-certified medical device). The effects on depressive symptoms and neurophysiological mechanisms will be evaluated using validated clinical scales and neurophysiological assessments at multiple time points:

* T0 (Day 1): Baseline assessment before treatment initiation.
* T1 (Day 5): After one week of treatment.
* T5 (Day 33): One week after completing all treatment sessions.
* T6 (Day 54): One month after treatment completion.

This study aims to improve the understanding of tDCS's clinical efficacy and underlying mechanisms in managing affective symptoms in PD. The findings could support the development of evidence-based non-pharmacological interventions for PD patients.

Conditions

• PARKINSON DISEASE (Disorder)

Interventions

DEVICE

active transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Patients will undergo repeated sessions of active transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) (anodal polarity). The active electrode (35 cm²) will be placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), while the reference electrode (35 cm²) will be positioned over the contralateral area, with a stimulation intensity of 2mA. Patients will undergo a tDCS session on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 19, and 26 of the study. Each session will last 20 minutes.

DEVICE

sham transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Patients will undergo repeated sessions of "sham tDCS." The electrodes will be placed over the left DLPFC and the contralateral area, as in the active stimulation condition. However, the current will be delivered only for the first 5 seconds, preventing the participants from detecting the placebo condition while ensuring that no neuromodulation occurs in the underlying brain areas. Patients will undergo a tDCS session on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 19, and 26 of the study. Each session will last 20 minutes.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico

  lead OTHER

Study Design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

DOUBLE

Model

PARALLEL

Eligibility

Min Age

35 Years

Max Age

75 Years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

No

Timeline & Regulatory

Start

2024-04-23

Primary Completion

2026-02-28

Completion

2027-02-28

Countries

• Italy

Study Locations