Trial Outcomes & Findings for Visual Attention to Text and Pictorial Food Labels: An Eye Tracking Experiment (NCT NCT05958888)
NCT ID: NCT05958888
Last Updated: 2024-08-13
Results Overview
This outcome will be measured using eye tracking technology.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
63 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
During ~5-minute eye tracking task, as part of a one-time study visit lasting ~30 minutes
Results posted on
2024-08-13
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Front of Package Food Label
Participants view 4 labels (3 sodium labels, 1 control barcode label) on a soup can image in a random order with a washout in between each label viewing. The washout includes instructions to click forward at participants' own pace to view the next label.
Text only sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown in a black square label on the can of soup.
Icon sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath a yellow triangle icon with an exclamation mark all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Pictorial sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath an image of a spilled salt shaker, all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Barcode label: Barcode is shown in white square label on the can of soup
|
|---|---|
|
First Label Viewing (Self-paced)
STARTED
|
63
|
|
First Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Text Only Sodium Label
|
17
|
|
First Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Icon Sodium Label
|
18
|
|
First Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Pictorial Sodium Label
|
11
|
|
First Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Barcode Label
|
17
|
|
First Label Viewing (Self-paced)
COMPLETED
|
63
|
|
First Label Viewing (Self-paced)
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
|
Washout (Self-paced)
STARTED
|
63
|
|
Washout (Self-paced)
Text Only Sodium Label
|
17
|
|
Washout (Self-paced)
Icon Sodium Label
|
18
|
|
Washout (Self-paced)
Pictorial Sodium Label
|
11
|
|
Washout (Self-paced)
Barcode Label
|
17
|
|
Washout (Self-paced)
COMPLETED
|
63
|
|
Washout (Self-paced)
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
|
Second Label Viewing (Self-paced)
STARTED
|
63
|
|
Second Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Text Only Sodium Label
|
15
|
|
Second Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Icon Sodium Label
|
13
|
|
Second Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Pictorial Sodium Label
|
22
|
|
Second Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Barcode Label
|
13
|
|
Second Label Viewing (Self-paced)
COMPLETED
|
63
|
|
Second Label Viewing (Self-paced)
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
|
Washout (Self Paced)
STARTED
|
63
|
|
Washout (Self Paced)
Text Only Sodium Label
|
21
|
|
Washout (Self Paced)
Icon Sodium Label
|
10
|
|
Washout (Self Paced)
Pictorial Sodium Label
|
14
|
|
Washout (Self Paced)
Barcode Label
|
18
|
|
Washout (Self Paced)
COMPLETED
|
63
|
|
Washout (Self Paced)
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
|
Third Label Viewing (Self-paced)
STARTED
|
63
|
|
Third Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Text Only Sodium Label
|
21
|
|
Third Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Icon Sodium Label
|
10
|
|
Third Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Pictorial Sodium Label
|
14
|
|
Third Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Barcode Label
|
18
|
|
Third Label Viewing (Self-paced)
COMPLETED
|
63
|
|
Third Label Viewing (Self-paced)
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
|
Fourth Label Viewing (Self-paced)
STARTED
|
63
|
|
Fourth Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Text Only Sodium Label
|
10
|
|
Fourth Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Icon Sodium Label
|
22
|
|
Fourth Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Pictorial Sodium Label
|
16
|
|
Fourth Label Viewing (Self-paced)
Barcode Label
|
15
|
|
Fourth Label Viewing (Self-paced)
COMPLETED
|
63
|
|
Fourth Label Viewing (Self-paced)
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Reporting of gender was optional and 1 participant did not provide.
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Front of Package Food Label
n=63 Participants
4 labels (3 sodium labels, 1 control barcode label) are shown on an image of a soup can
Text only sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown in a black square label on the can of soup.
Icon sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath a yellow triangle icon with an exclamation mark all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Pictorial sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath an image of a spilled salt shaker, all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Barcode label: Barcode is shown in white square label on the can of soup
|
|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
34 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 10 • n=63 Participants
|
|
Age, Customized
Age categories · 18-25 years
|
11 Participants
n=63 Participants
|
|
Age, Customized
Age categories · 26-34 years
|
22 Participants
n=63 Participants
|
|
Age, Customized
Age categories · 35-44 years
|
20 Participants
n=63 Participants
|
|
Age, Customized
Age categories · 45-54 years
|
8 Participants
n=63 Participants
|
|
Age, Customized
Age categories · Over 55 years
|
2 Participants
n=63 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Gender identity · Woman
|
47 Participants
n=62 Participants • Reporting of gender was optional and 1 participant did not provide.
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Gender identity · Man
|
15 Participants
n=62 Participants • Reporting of gender was optional and 1 participant did not provide.
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Gender identity · Non-binary
|
0 Participants
n=62 Participants • Reporting of gender was optional and 1 participant did not provide.
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Ethnicity · Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano
|
24 Participants
n=63 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Ethnicity · Puerto Rican
|
5 Participants
n=63 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Ethnicity · Cuban
|
0 Participants
n=63 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Ethnicity · Another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin
|
34 Participants
n=63 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
|
63 Participants
n=63 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: During ~5-minute eye tracking task, as part of a one-time study visit lasting ~30 minutesThis outcome will be measured using eye tracking technology.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Front of Package Food Label
n=63 Participants
4 labels (3 sodium labels, 1 control barcode label) are shown on an image of a soup can
Text only sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown in a black square label on the can of soup.
Icon sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath a yellow triangle icon with an exclamation mark all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Pictorial sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath an image of a spilled salt shaker, all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Barcode label: Barcode is shown in white square label on the can of soup
|
|---|---|
|
Amount of Time Spent Looking at the Front-of-package Sodium Label (i.e., Dwell Time)
Barcode Control
|
.96 seconds
Standard Deviation .88
|
|
Amount of Time Spent Looking at the Front-of-package Sodium Label (i.e., Dwell Time)
Text
|
1.94 seconds
Standard Deviation 1.23
|
|
Amount of Time Spent Looking at the Front-of-package Sodium Label (i.e., Dwell Time)
Icon
|
2.34 seconds
Standard Deviation 2.43
|
|
Amount of Time Spent Looking at the Front-of-package Sodium Label (i.e., Dwell Time)
Graphic
|
2.58 seconds
Standard Deviation 1.53
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: During ~5-minute eye tracking task, as part of a one-time study visit lasting ~30 minutesThis outcome will be measured using eye tracking technology.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Front of Package Food Label
n=63 Participants
4 labels (3 sodium labels, 1 control barcode label) are shown on an image of a soup can
Text only sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown in a black square label on the can of soup.
Icon sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath a yellow triangle icon with an exclamation mark all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Pictorial sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath an image of a spilled salt shaker, all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Barcode label: Barcode is shown in white square label on the can of soup
|
|---|---|
|
Number of Times Looking at the Front-of-package Sodium Label (i.e., Fixation Count)
Barcode Control
|
5 fixation
Standard Deviation 4
|
|
Number of Times Looking at the Front-of-package Sodium Label (i.e., Fixation Count)
Text
|
9 fixation
Standard Deviation 5
|
|
Number of Times Looking at the Front-of-package Sodium Label (i.e., Fixation Count)
Icon
|
11 fixation
Standard Deviation 8
|
|
Number of Times Looking at the Front-of-package Sodium Label (i.e., Fixation Count)
Graphic
|
13 fixation
Standard Deviation 6
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: During ~5-minute eye tracking task, as part of a one-time study visit lasting ~30 minutesPopulation: There were missing data for 1 participant.
This outcome will be measured using eye tracking technology.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Front of Package Food Label
n=62 Participants
4 labels (3 sodium labels, 1 control barcode label) are shown on an image of a soup can
Text only sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown in a black square label on the can of soup.
Icon sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath a yellow triangle icon with an exclamation mark all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Pictorial sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath an image of a spilled salt shaker, all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Barcode label: Barcode is shown in white square label on the can of soup
|
|---|---|
|
Time to First Fixation on the Front-of-package Sodium Label
Barcode Control
|
.87 seconds
Standard Deviation 1.60
|
|
Time to First Fixation on the Front-of-package Sodium Label
Text
|
.31 seconds
Standard Deviation .45
|
|
Time to First Fixation on the Front-of-package Sodium Label
Icon
|
.52 seconds
Standard Deviation 1.30
|
|
Time to First Fixation on the Front-of-package Sodium Label
Graphic
|
.27 seconds
Standard Deviation .36
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: During ~5-minute eye tracking task, as part of a one-time study visit lasting ~30 minutesThis outcome will be measured using eye tracking technology.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Front of Package Food Label
n=63 Participants
4 labels (3 sodium labels, 1 control barcode label) are shown on an image of a soup can
Text only sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown in a black square label on the can of soup.
Icon sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath a yellow triangle icon with an exclamation mark all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Pictorial sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath an image of a spilled salt shaker, all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Barcode label: Barcode is shown in white square label on the can of soup
|
|---|---|
|
Dwell Time on "Natural" Claim
Barcode Control
|
.90 seconds
Standard Deviation .96
|
|
Dwell Time on "Natural" Claim
Text
|
.91 seconds
Standard Deviation 1.00
|
|
Dwell Time on "Natural" Claim
Icon
|
.87 seconds
Standard Deviation .87
|
|
Dwell Time on "Natural" Claim
Graphic
|
.74 seconds
Standard Deviation .78
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: During ~10 minute online survey, as part of one-time study visit lasting ~30 minutesAssessed with 1 item for each label type. Response options will range from 1 to 5. Higher scores indicate more attention.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Front of Package Food Label
n=63 Participants
4 labels (3 sodium labels, 1 control barcode label) are shown on an image of a soup can
Text only sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown in a black square label on the can of soup.
Icon sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath a yellow triangle icon with an exclamation mark all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Pictorial sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath an image of a spilled salt shaker, all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Barcode label: Barcode is shown in white square label on the can of soup
|
|---|---|
|
Self-reported Attention to the Front-of-package Sodium Label
Barcode Control
|
2.40 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.20
|
|
Self-reported Attention to the Front-of-package Sodium Label
Text
|
3.29 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .96
|
|
Self-reported Attention to the Front-of-package Sodium Label
Icon
|
4.16 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.02
|
|
Self-reported Attention to the Front-of-package Sodium Label
Graphic
|
4.10 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .93
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: During ~10 minute online survey, as part of one-time study visit lasting ~30 minutesAssessed with 3 items for each label type. Response options will range from 1 to 5. Higher scores indicate greater perceived message effectiveness.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Front of Package Food Label
n=63 Participants
4 labels (3 sodium labels, 1 control barcode label) are shown on an image of a soup can
Text only sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown in a black square label on the can of soup.
Icon sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath a yellow triangle icon with an exclamation mark all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Pictorial sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath an image of a spilled salt shaker, all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Barcode label: Barcode is shown in white square label on the can of soup
|
|---|---|
|
Perceived Message Effectiveness of the Front-of-package Sodium Label
Barcode Control
|
1.74 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .98
|
|
Perceived Message Effectiveness of the Front-of-package Sodium Label
Text
|
3.47 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.01
|
|
Perceived Message Effectiveness of the Front-of-package Sodium Label
Icon
|
4.13 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .91
|
|
Perceived Message Effectiveness of the Front-of-package Sodium Label
Graphic
|
3.85 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .94
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: During ~10 minute online survey, as part of one-time study visit lasting ~30 minutes1 item for each label type. Response options will range from 1 to 5. Higher scores indicate more understandability.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Front of Package Food Label
n=63 Participants
4 labels (3 sodium labels, 1 control barcode label) are shown on an image of a soup can
Text only sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown in a black square label on the can of soup.
Icon sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath a yellow triangle icon with an exclamation mark all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Pictorial sodium label: "Warning: High in sodium." is shown beneath an image of a spilled salt shaker, all in a black square label on the can of soup.
Barcode label: Barcode is shown in white square label on the can of soup
|
|---|---|
|
Understandability of Front-of-package Sodium Label
Barcode Control
|
3.41 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.23
|
|
Understandability of Front-of-package Sodium Label
Text
|
4.00 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .93
|
|
Understandability of Front-of-package Sodium Label
Icon
|
4.22 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .87
|
|
Understandability of Front-of-package Sodium Label
Graphic
|
4.13 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .98
|
Adverse Events
Text Only Sodium Label
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Icon Sodium Label
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Pictorial Sodium Label
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Barcode Label
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Marissa Hall, PhD
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Phone: (919) 445-1310
Email: [email protected]
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place