Trial Outcomes & Findings for Retrieval Practice for Word Learning for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children (NCT NCT05512000)

NCT ID: NCT05512000

Last Updated: 2026-03-16

Results Overview

Count of participants for whom the intervention is successful based on percent accuracy labeling target words expressively (number of target words correctly labeled when shown the object divided by the number of words in the set \[i.e., 4\] times 100). The count of participants indicates the number of participants who exhibited a functional relation indicating greater performance for at least one active intervention condition versus the control condition within the comparison phase.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

Target enrollment

13 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

End of intervention. The intervention ends when the participant achieves >75% accuracy 3 sessions in a row (up to 6 months).

Results posted on

2026-03-16

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Contrast A Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.
Overall Study STARTED	3	3	3	4
Overall Study COMPLETED	3	3	3	3
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	0	0	0	1

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Two participants did not complete the CTOPP

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	Contrast A n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D n=4 Participants Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Total n=13 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Categorical <=18 years	3 Participants n=3 Participants	3 Participants n=3 Participants	3 Participants n=3 Participants	4 Participants n=4 Participants	13 Participants n=13 Participants
Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	0 Participants n=13 Participants
Age, Categorical >=65 years	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	0 Participants n=13 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	3 Participants n=3 Participants	2 Participants n=3 Participants	1 Participants n=3 Participants	3 Participants n=4 Participants	9 Participants n=13 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	0 Participants n=3 Participants	1 Participants n=3 Participants	2 Participants n=3 Participants	1 Participants n=4 Participants	4 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	0 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	1 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	1 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	0 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	2 Participants n=4 Participants	2 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	2 Participants n=3 Participants	1 Participants n=3 Participants	2 Participants n=3 Participants	2 Participants n=4 Participants	7 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	1 Participants n=3 Participants	2 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	3 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=3 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	0 Participants n=13 Participants
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (Fifth Edition)	88 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 21 • n=3 Participants	81 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9 • n=3 Participants	97 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 16 • n=3 Participants	91 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 15 • n=4 Participants	89 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 15 • n=13 Participants
Expressive Vocabulary Test (Third Edition)	101 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 23 • n=3 Participants	86 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4 • n=3 Participants	96 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 17 • n=3 Participants	88 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 • n=4 Participants	92 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13 • n=13 Participants
Test of Language Development (Fourth Edition)	87 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 28 • n=3 Participants	81 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5 • n=3 Participants	93 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 15 • n=3 Participants	79 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 17 • n=4 Participants	84 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 17 • n=13 Participants
Arizona Articulation Phonology Test (Fourth Edition)	90 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 19 • n=3 Participants	65 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13 • n=3 Participants	94 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3 • n=3 Participants	91 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 15 • n=4 Participants	85 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 17 • n=13 Participants
Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (Second Edition)	88 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 18 • n=3 Participants • Two participants did not complete the CTOPP	73 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10 • n=3 Participants • Two participants did not complete the CTOPP	86 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8 • n=2 Participants • Two participants did not complete the CTOPP	79 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 12 • n=3 Participants • Two participants did not complete the CTOPP	81 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13 • n=11 Participants • Two participants did not complete the CTOPP
Leiter International Performance Scale (Third Edition) Nonverbal IQ	104 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10 • n=3 Participants	108 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13 • n=3 Participants	105 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8 • n=3 Participants	100 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10 • n=4 Participants	104 Scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9 • n=13 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: End of intervention. The intervention ends when the participant achieves >75% accuracy 3 sessions in a row (up to 6 months).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Contrast A n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.
Labeling - Acquisition Effectiveness	3 Participants	3 Participants	3 Participants	3 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: End of intervention. The intervention ends when the participant achieves >75% accuracy 3 sessions in a row (up to 6 months).

Count of participants for whom the intervention is successful based on percent accuracy labeling target words expressively (number of target words correctly labeled when shown the object divided by the number of words in the set \[i.e., 4\] times 100). The count of participants indicates the number of participants who exhibited a functional relation indicating greater performance for the condition hypothesized to be superior (i.e., "feedback" or "spaced") within the comparison phase.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Contrast A n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.
Labeling - Acquisition Efficiency	1 Participants	2 Participants	1 Participants	2 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Four weeks after the intervention ends

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Contrast A n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.
Labeling - Retention Effectiveness	2 Participants	3 Participants	3 Participants	3 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Four weeks after the intervention ends

Count of participants for whom the intervention is successful based on percent accuracy labeling target words expressively (number of target words correctly labeled when shown the object divided by the number of words in the set \[i.e., 4\] times 100). The count of participants indicates the number of participants who exhibited a functional relation indicating greater performance for the condition hypothesized to be superior (i.e., "feedback" or "spaced") within the maintenance phase.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Contrast A n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.
Labeling - Retention Efficiency	0 Participants	2 Participants	3 Participants	2 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: End of intervention. The intervention ends when the participant achieves >75% accuracy for labeling 3 sessions in a row (up to 6 months).

Count of participants for whom the intervention is successful based on percent accuracy identifying target words receptively (number of objects correctly identified when target word is named divided by the number of words in the set \[i.e., 4\] times 100) The count of participants indicates the number of participants who exhibited a functional relation indicating greater performance for at least one active intervention condition versus the control condition within the comparison phase.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Contrast A n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.
Identifying - Acquisition Effectiveness	2 Participants	3 Participants	3 Participants	3 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: End of intervention. The intervention ends when the participant achieves >75% accuracy for labeling 3 sessions in a row (up to 6 months).

Count of participants for whom the intervention is successful based on percent accuracy identifying target words receptively (number of objects correctly identified when target word is named divided by the number of words in the set \[i.e., 4\] times 100) The count of participants indicates the number of participants who exhibited a functional relation indicating greater performance for the condition hypothesized to be superior (i.e., "feedback" or "spaced") within the comparison phase.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Contrast A n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.
Identifying - Acquisition Efficiency	1 Participants	2 Participants	2 Participants	1 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: End of intervention. The intervention ends when the participant achieves >75% accuracy for labeling 3 sessions in a row (up to 6 months).

Count of participants for whom the intervention is successful based on percent accuracy labeling associated semantic information (i.e., location; number of target objects' locations correctly named when shown the object divided by the number of words in the set \[i.e., 4\] times 100) The count of participants indicates the number of participants who exhibited a functional relation indicating greater performance for at least one active intervention condition versus the control condition within the comparison phase.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Contrast A n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.
Semantic - Acquisition Effectiveness	2 Participants	2 Participants	3 Participants	3 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: End of intervention. The intervention ends when the participant achieves >75% accuracy for labeling 3 sessions in a row (up to 6 months).

Count of participants for whom the intervention is successful based on percent accuracy labeling associated semantic information (i.e., location; number of target objects' locations correctly named when shown the object divided by the number of words in the set \[i.e., 4\] times 100) The count of participants indicates the number of participants who exhibited a functional relation indicating greater performance for the condition hypothesized to be superior (i.e., "feedback" or "spaced") within the comparison phase.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Contrast A n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.
Semantic - Acquisition Efficiency	1 Participants	2 Participants	3 Participants	1 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Four weeks after the intervention ends

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Contrast A n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.
Identifying - Retention Effectiveness	2 Participants	3 Participants	3 Participants	3 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Four weeks after the intervention ends

Count of participants for whom the intervention is successful based on percent accuracy identifying target words receptively (number of objects correctly identified when target word is named divided by the number of words in the set \[i.e., 4\] times 100) The count of participants indicates the number of participants who exhibited a functional relation indicating greater performance for the condition hypothesized to be superior (i.e., "feedback" or "spaced") within the maintenance phase.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Contrast A n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.
Identifying - Retention Efficiency	0 Participants	1 Participants	2 Participants	0 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Four weeks after the intervention ends

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Contrast A n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.
Semantic - Retention Effectiveness	2 Participants	2 Participants	3 Participants	3 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Four weeks after the intervention ends

Count of participants for whom the intervention is successful based on percent accuracy labeling associated semantic information (i.e., location; number of target objects' locations correctly named when shown the object divided by the number of words in the set \[i.e., 4\] times 100) The count of participants indicates the number of participants who exhibited a functional relation indicating greater performance for the condition hypothesized to be superior (i.e., "feedback" or "spaced") within the maintenance phase.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Contrast A n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with massed trials Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast B n=3 Participants Feedback vs no feedback with spaced trials Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast C n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials without feedback No feedback with massed trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. No feedback with spaced trials: The participant does not receive feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.	Contrast D n=3 Participants Spaced vs massed trials with feedback Feedback with massed trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For massed trials, exposures for one word are provided before moving to the next word in each session. Feedback with spaced trials: The participant receives feedback on their accuracy completing retrieval practice tasks. For spaced trials, exposures for each word are interspersed with one another in each session. Participants complete these conditions simultaneously (i.e., one after another each session) for equivalent word sets, not sequentially.
Semantic - Retention Efficiency	0 Participants	0 Participants	2 Participants	2 Participants

Adverse Events

Contrast A

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Contrast B

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Contrast C

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Contrast D

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Jena McDaniel

Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Phone: 615-936-5114

Email: [email protected]

Results disclosure agreements

Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
Publication restrictions are in place