Efficacy of Educational Nutrition and Exercise on the Regulation of Appetite Through Exosomes in Type 2 Diabetics

Summary

The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to investigate the effects of different aerobic modalities; moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and a nutritional intervention (D) on appetite regulation, appetite-related hormones, neural responses to food cues (EEG), and exosome-derived molecular signals in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. It will also examine whether these effects differ between men and women.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

* What is the isolated and combined effect of these exercise modalities and diet on glucose metabolism, insulin dynamics, miRNA exosomal expression, appetite hormones, and neural responses to food stimuli?
* Is there a sex-specific best combination choice for improving appetite regulation and metabolic control?
* Are changes in miRNA exosomal profile, appetite-related hormones, and EEG-based neural responses associated with other health-related outcomes such as body composition, fat mass reduction, insulin sensitivity, physical condition, and quality of life?

To answer these questions, researchers designed a two-factor study. One factor was diet, with two levels Diet (D) and no diet (ND). The second factor was exercise, with three levels (inactive (INACT), MICT, and HIIT). Participants were randomly allocated into six groups: ND-INACT, ND-MICT, ND-HIIT, D-INACT, D-MICT, and D-HIIT.

Participants will:

* Undergo a 12-week intervention within their assigned group.
* Visit the research facilities three times per week if assigned to an exercise group, or once every two weeks if in a diet group.

Conditions

• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Interventions

BEHAVIORAL

Nutritional Intervention

The nutritional intervention was conducted through biweekly (± 3 days) in-person consultations with a nutritionist or dietitian. Firstly, the patient's diet was analyzed. Then, participants were guided to follow a Mediterranean pattern-based and mildly calorie-restricted diet, with the primary goal of achieving a 5 % reduction in body weight and reducing blood glucose levels. Meal plans were created using Nutrium® software , personalized to each participant's lifestyle and food preferences, and reviewed at each biweekly consultation. The dietary plan included at least 4 meals per day, ensuring a well-distributed intake of carbohydrates, a balanced distribution of macro- and micronutrients, and the inclusion of foods rich in prebiotics and probiotics. Moreover, some suggestions about the combination of foods and culinary techniques were provided. Only one session through the intervention was allowed to be attended telephonically.

OTHER

High-intensity interval training (HIIT)

Participants assigned to the HIIT completed 3 weekly sessions, with 1-2 days of rest between sessions, on a cycle ergometer for 12 weeks. The training load (TL) was determined from an incremental test until volitional exhaustion with one-minute work intervals (from 85% to 165% of maximal power output during VO2max test \[Wmax\] and with 10% increments) separated by 1.5-minute rest periods (at 20% Wmax). The program consisted of a 3 minutes warm-up with the first 2 minutes at 20% and last minute at 40% of the TL, followed by 10 series of 1 min duration at 90% of TL, with 1 minute of rest between sets at 20% of TL and ending with 2 minutes of cool-down at 20% of TL (estimated total time of the session: 25 minutes). A 5% increase in workload was applied when, for two consecutive sessions, the first three intervals failed to exceed 85%, and the last five did not reach 90% of maximal HR. Participants were asked to maintain a cadence above 80RPM.

OTHER

Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT)

Participants assigned to the MICT completed 3 weekly sessions, with 1-2 days of rest between sessions, on a cycle ergometer for 12 weeks. The MICT program consisted of 50 minutes of continuous pedaling at an intensity approximately 10 % above the lactate threshold, with cadence maintained between 60-80 rpm. The training load was increased by 10% if these two conditions were met: 1) no increase of at least 2 beats of heart rate from minute 20 to minute 40 of the training session, and 2) lactate levels below 2 mmol/L in minute 48 of the session. The training load for the first session was determined by an adjustment test consisting of an incremental test with five consecutive 10-minute phases at a constant cadence (60-80 RPM) from 90% to 130% of the ventilatory threshold power, calculated from the FatOx test data, with 10% increments in each step. was determined by the phase in which HR increased by ≥ 3 beats between phases and blood lactate levels increased by ≥ 1 mmol/L between phases.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain

  collaborator OTHER_GOV

• University of Cadiz

  lead OTHER

Principal Investigators

• Cristina Casals, PhD · University of Cadiz

• Jesús Ponce González, PhD · University of Cadiz

Study Design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

SINGLE

Model

PARALLEL

Eligibility

Min Age

18 Years

Max Age

65 Years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

No

Timeline & Regulatory

Start

2022-03-10

Primary Completion

2025-12-10

Completion

2025-12-10

Countries

• Spain

Study Locations