Trial Outcomes & Findings for Racial Differences in Circadian and Sleep Mechanisms for Nicotine Dependence, Craving, and Withdrawal (NCT NCT03968900)

Enrollment occurred at the same time as group assignment.

Racial Differences in Circadian and Sleep Mechanisms for Nicotine Dependence, Craving, and Withdrawal

A 13-item scale that assesses behaviors, such as variability in wake-time, timing of physical activity, and substance use, that comprise sleep hygiene. Higher values indicate worse sleep hygiene. The minimum value is 0, and the maximum value is 52.

A 7-item self-report measure that assesses global sleep quality over the past month. Additionally, sub-scales that include duration of sleep, sleep disturbance, sleep latency, daytime dysfunction, sleep efficiency, and dependence on hypnotic medication may be calculated from individual items. Higher scores indicate worse sleep quality. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 21.

Questionnaire that determines chronotype from midsleep time calculated from sleep onset and offset on both free days and work days. Chronotype will be determined from the mid-sleep time on days off. Specifically, Mid-sleep time is equal to Sleep onset + Sleep duration/2. For those who sleep longer on days off than on workdays, we will correct for weekend recovery sleep by subtracting 'sleep debt' accumulated, which is estimated by the following equation: Sleep duration on free days - Sleep duration (average) for the week/2. Chronotype is the participant's midsleep time on free days. Higher values indicate that midsleep time is later in the day. The minimum value is 0, and the maximum value is 24.

A 6-item self-report measure of nicotine dependence derived from the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Higher scores indicate greater nicotine dependence. The minimum value is 1, and the maximum value is 10.

A 8-item self-report questionnaire that assesses the primary risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea to create a total score that ranges from 0 to 8. Higher scores indicate greater risk of sleep apnea.

A 7-item self-report questionnaire that assesses the severity of core symptoms of insomnia over the previous 2 weeks. Higher scores indicate more severe insomnia. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 28.

A 16-item questionnaire that assesses beliefs about sleep and the consequences of poor sleep. Higher scores indicate more dysfunctional beliefs about sleep. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 10.

A 8-item questionnaire that asks individuals to rate their "chances of dozing off" on a scale of 0 (never) to 3 (high) in eight different situations. The scores are summed to create a total score with higher values indicating higher chances of dozing off. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 24.

This 9-item assessment queries about experiences of discrimination such as being treated less respectfully or people thinking that you are dishonest. Responses range from "almost every day" to "never." Higher score indicate more ways that discrimination was experienced. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 9.

Self-report questionnaire that assesses a person's perceived stress with a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "Never" to "Very Often." Higher scores indicate greater levels of perceived stress. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 40.

A 8-item 1-5 Likert scale ranging from "much less than I would like" to "as much as I would like" that measures perceived social support. Higher scores indicate greater social support. The minimum score is 1, and the maximum score is 40.

A 9-item instrument that measures severity of depression as well as the presence of suicide ideation. Higher scores indicate more sever symptoms of depression. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 27.

A 7-item anxiety scale used to identify probable cases of generalized anxiety disorder. Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms of anxiety. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 28.

Smoking history will be assessed for daily smokers as smoking 5 or more cigarettes a day for the past one year and having smoked more than 100 cigarettes in lifetime or non-smoker defined as smoking fewer than 100 cigarettes in a lifetime and no smoking-not even a puff- in the last year. Using those definitions, we determined the number of participants who were smokers.

The WISDM measures how strongly participants feel 11 potential motivations for smoking. Higher scores indicate being more strongly motivated to smoke. The minimum score is 11, and the maximum score is 77.

The TCQ-SF contains 12 items to assess participants' craving to smoke cigarettes. Higher scores indicate stronger craving for tobacco. The minimum score is 12, and the maximum score is 84.

The ASSIST asks questions assessing level of dependence to 10 different substances. Higher scores indicate more negative impacts of substance use. the minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 280.

The MNWS is an 8-item measure designed to assess Smokers' cigarette withdrawal in the last 24 hours. Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 32.

A brief 3-item alcohol screening measure that identifies hazardous drinkers or those who have active alcohol use disorders. Higher scores indicate more symptoms of alcohol use disorder. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 12.

The PEG Scale contains 3 questions regarding how much pain has interfered with enjoyment of life and general activity in the past 7 days. Higher scores indicate greater interference from pain. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 10.

The THS is a brief 14-item self-report measure designed to assess traumatic events and how much those events are emotionally bothersome. The scale counts the number of traumas endorsed. The minimum value is 0, and the maximum value is 14.

The short form of the 20-item PCL-5 which assesses the presence and severity of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for PTSD in the past month. The short form contains 4 items. Higher scores indicate more sever symptoms of PTSD. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 16.

4 items pertaining to overactive bladder symptoms experienced in the past 4 weeks. Higher scores indicate more symptoms of overactive bladder. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 16.

A set of questionnaires designed to assess physical activity and sedentary lifestyles. The questionnaire measures the minutes of physical activity per week, weighted by the intensity of the activity, referred to as the MET-min. The minimum value is 0, and a value that indicates high levels of activity per week would be 3000.

A battery of self-report questionnaires measuring shift workers' sleep and stress outcomes. We are using the physical health subsections of this questionnaire. The scale counts the number of physical conditions endorsed. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 23.

A 9-item scale measuring severity of fatigue and its effect on participants' activities and lifestyle. Higher scores indicate more severe fatigue. The minimum score is 9, and the maximum score is 63.

A 5-item survey designed by the research team to assessed whether or not participants are prescribed CPAP, and their adherence to using it. Using that questionnaire, we determined the number of participants who used a CPAP.