Atrial Fibrillation: In Search for the Optimal Target for Rate Control

Summary

A rate control strategy is commonly adopted in the management of patients with Atrial Fibrillation (AF). Controversies remain as regards to what constitutes the optimal target of rate control.

Current clinical guidelines recommend a resting target heart rate of 80 to 100-110 beats per min (bpm). Such recommendations were based largely on findings of the RACE II Trial, the only study of its kind, which demonstrated noninferiority of the lenient versus a strict rate control approach. Despite merits of the study, interpretation of RACE II has been limited by its noninferiority design and the apparently stricter-than-predefined heart rate control in the "lenient" arm, rendering any genuine difference of superiority in either arm unknown. Application values of the RACE II study to patients with heart failure were also limited, because the constituent sample comprised mainly patients without heart failure at baseline.

Despite years of medical advances, therapeutic armamentarium available for AF patients decided for the rate control strategy had remained limited. Betablockers, nondihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers, and digoxin constitute the mainstay of armamentarium available for achieving rate control in AF. However, studies revealed that up to 30% of patients treated with betablockers, with or without digitalis glycoside, failed to achieve adequate rate control. On the other hand, a stricter rate control strategy is more frequently associated with side effects of medications, commonly bradycardia and hypotension. Furthermore, digoxin, with a narrow therapeutic range and precluded for use in significant renal impairment, was inconsistently associated with increased mortality.

Ivabradine is a specific funny current inhibitor, which blocks Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated cation channels (HCN) intra-cellularly and results in delayed diastolic depolarization in a use-dependent manner. Prior-believed to be exclusively expressed within the sinoatrial node, HCN was recently revealed to be also expressed in the atrioventricular node and throughout the myocardium. These invite a key clinical question as whether effects of ivabradine may extend beyond its conventional use.

Through promoting atrioventricular node refractoriness, ivabradine harbors a potential role in the ventricular rate control of symptomatic persistent AF. Ivabradine owing to its specific effect on heart rate reduction, without depressing cardiac contractility, should render it better tolerated than conventional agents with reduced risk of hypotension. Its use-dependent property may in theory also confer a low risk of bradycardia.

Indeed, experimental studies in animal models of persistent AF showed that ivabradine caused rate-dependent slowing of atrioventricular conduction and resultant ventricular rate reduction, without affecting atrial dominant frequency, arterial blood pressure or contractility. Research interest for its therapeutic repurposing is growing. Clinically, a role of ivabradine in ventricular rate control has been reported in cases and series. A small randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial showed that ivabradine reduced ventricular rate in patients with non-paroxysmal AF.

Therefore, this randomized, double-blinded, controlled, superiority, Phase III, investigator-initiated clinical trial aims to compare ivabradine and the convertional rate control agents with the expectation to generate important data on the novel role of ivabradine in achieving strict rate control in patients with non-paroxysmal AF. It will also provide unprecedented superiority trial data on any clinical benefits of a strict versus lenient rate control approach in AF management, with the use of ivabradine.

Conditions

• Atrial Fibrillation (Permanent)
• Atrial Fibrillation (AF)

Interventions

DRUG

Ivabradine + Usual Care

For patients in the ivabradine arm targeting for strict rate control, ivabradine is started at 5mg BID, and titrated at follow-up visits if needed, up to 7.5mg BID to aim at the target heart rate \<80bpm. Uptitration of other existing or additional conventional rate control agents will considered after maximally tolerated dose of ivabradine. Conversely, if not tolerated, or if resting heart rate is persistently \<50bpm, ivabradine will be reduced to 2.5mg BID, followed by reassessment.

DRUG

Placebo + usual care

For patients in the lenient rate control arm, medications will be adjusted, bidirectionally as appropriate, with a maximum heart rate that is tolerable by patient which is at \<110bpm. Routine heart rate control agents included betablockers, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, or digoxin. All patients will be prescribed a matching placebo (morphologically identical to the comparison arm: ivabradine) that contains pharmacologically inactive cellulose.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• The University of Hong Kong

  lead OTHER

Study Design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

TRIPLE

Model

PARALLEL

Eligibility

Min Age

18 Years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

No

Timeline & Regulatory

Start

2025-10-01

Primary Completion

2027-10-01

Completion

2027-10-01

Countries

• Hong Kong

Study Locations