Effects of Enteral Feeding Regimens on NEC, Mortality, and Neurodevelopment in Very Preterm Infants

Summary

The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether supplementing with pasteurized donor human milk (pHDM) or preterm formula (PTF) when own mother's milk (OMM) is insufficient can improve outcomes in very preterm infants born before 29 weeks of gestation. It also aims to assess whether routine use of human milk fortifiers benefits this population. The main questions it aims to answer are:

Does supplementing OMM with pHDM or PTF improve survival without surgery-requiring necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) by 34 weeks corrected gestational age? Is routine fortification of human milk better than selective fortification based on growth faltering?

Researchers will compare:

pHDM vs. PTF to see which better supports survival without severe NEC. Routine fortification vs. selective fortification to assess the impact on growth and long-term neurodevelopment.

Participants will:

Be randomized twice:

* First, within the first week of life to receive either pHDM or PTF when OMM is insufficient
* Second, in the second week of life to receive either routine fortification or selective fortification only if growth faltering occurs Receive feeding and care as per standard clinical practice Complete neurodevelopmental assessment at 2 years corrected age using the PARCA-R tool (no additional study visits required) This multicenter, double-randomized, open-label randomized controlled trial is embedded in routine neonatal care and uses real-world data to assess both short- and long-term outcomes.

COLLABORATE-China is being run in partnership with the UK-wide COLLABORATE trial sponsored by Imperial College London.

Conditions

• Very Preterm Infant
• Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)

Interventions

DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Pasteurized Donor Milk for Insufficient Breastfeeding

Participants receive pasteurized donor human milk (pHDM) as supplemental feeding when the clinician determines maternal milk supply is insufficient. Randomization 1 will occur when the clinician determines that supplemental feeding is required due to insufficient breast milk supply.

DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Preterm Formula for Insufficient Breastfeeding

Participants receive preterm formula (PTF) as supplemental feeding when the clinician determines maternal milk supply is insufficient. Randomization 1 will occur when the clinician determines that supplemental feeding is required due to insufficient breast milk supply.

DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Routine fortification

Randomization 2 will be conducted when the total daily intake of human milk (including own mother's milk \[OMM\] and/or donor pasteurized human milk \[pHDM\] ) reaches between 60-120 mL/kg

DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Rescue fortification

Randomization 2 will be conducted: Add fortifiers when the infant meets predefined criteria for growth faltering (Preterm infants exhibit a sustained decline in growth velocity for weight, length, or head circumference, demonstrated by a downward crossing of centiles on growth curves, despite tolerating and consuming at least 180 mL/kg/day of breast milk or formula. Blood urea levels in these infants remain consistently below 1.5 mmol/L, and there are no severe complications such as active sepsis or the need for vasoactive medications to maintain circulatory stability. Chronic sodium depletion has also been ruled out, as this condition alone can lead to growth failure. Additionally, preterm infants are unable to tolerate high-volume feeding of 180 mL/kg/day due to specific reasons, such as severe gastroesophageal reflux or the presence of a high-output stoma following surgical procedures).

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Imperial College London

  collaborator OTHER

• The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine

  lead OTHER

Study Design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

PREVENTION

Masking

NONE

Model

PARALLEL

Eligibility

Min Age

1 Day

Max Age

14 Days

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

No

Timeline & Regulatory

Start

2026-03-02

Primary Completion

2028-07-31

Completion

2030-07-31

Countries

• China

Study Locations