Trial Outcomes & Findings for Opioid Rapid Response System: Naloxone Training in Communities (NCT NCT06238128)

NCT ID: NCT06238128

Last Updated: 2026-08-19

Results Overview

Single item: whether participant response to overdose events from PulsePoint notifications/alerts

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

NA

Target enrollment

773 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

Up to 6 months

Results posted on

2026-08-19

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure
Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training
ORRS is on online system to train citizen responders to administer NARCAN to save the lives of opioid overdose victims. It capitalizes on the innovative PulsePoint technology to connect responders to overdose events. PulsePoint is an app that connects 911 requesting assistance for cardiac arrests to responders with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. ORRS allows us to partner with PulsePoint users to expand its reach to opioid overdoses, which share the need for a quick response that emergency responders are often unable to provide. ORRS has the advantage of expanding the population of responders with NARCAN, rescue breathing, and CPR training that can be connected to overdose events, increasing the likelihood of saving overdose victims' lives through a quick, efficient response. ORRS is delivered through an interactive, digital platform containing sequential, multi-media modules.
Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training
Investigators provided online training about opioid prevalence in US, opioid mechanism, side effect, and addiction. However, Investigators do not provide any knowledge about opioid overdose management and naloxone in this training.
Overall Study
STARTED
383
390
Overall Study
Immediate posttest complete
312
338
Overall Study
1 month follow up complete
144
156
Overall Study
3 month follow up complete
121
146
Overall Study
COMPLETED
107
118
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
276
272

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure
Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training
n=383 Participants
ORRS is on online system to train citizen responders to administer NARCAN to save the lives of opioid overdose victims. It capitalizes on the innovative PulsePoint technology to connect responders to overdose events. PulsePoint is an app that connects 911 requesting assistance for cardiac arrests to responders with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. ORRS allows us to partner with PulsePoint users to expand its reach to opioid overdoses, which share the need for a quick response that emergency responders are often unable to provide. ORRS has the advantage of expanding the population of responders with NARCAN, rescue breathing, and CPR training that can be connected to overdose events, increasing the likelihood of saving overdose victims' lives through a quick, efficient response. ORRS is delivered through an interactive, digital platform containing sequential, multi-media modules.
Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training
n=390 Participants
Investigators provided online training about opioid prevalence in US, opioid mechanism, side effect, and addiction. However, Investigators do not provide any knowledge about opioid overdose management and naloxone in this training.
Total
n=773 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous
36.64 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.15 • n=298 Participants
37.86 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.76 • n=102 Participants
37.25 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.47 • n=400 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized
Man
174 Participants
n=298 Participants
175 Participants
n=102 Participants
349 Participants
n=400 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized
Woman
196 Participants
n=298 Participants
205 Participants
n=102 Participants
401 Participants
n=400 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized
Others
13 Participants
n=298 Participants
10 Participants
n=102 Participants
23 Participants
n=400 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
White/Caucasian American
238 Participants
n=298 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
243 Participants
n=102 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
481 Participants
n=400 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Black/African American
87 Participants
n=298 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
64 Participants
n=102 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
151 Participants
n=400 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
Intent to intervene opioid overdose events in communities
4.03 Score on a 1 to 5 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.93 • n=298 Participants
4.05 Score on a 1 to 5 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.93 • n=102 Participants
4.04 Score on a 1 to 5 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.93 • n=400 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Asian or Pacific Islander
7 Participants
n=298 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
20 Participants
n=102 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
27 Participants
n=400 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
American Indian/Alaska Native
12 Participants
n=298 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
17 Participants
n=102 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
29 Participants
n=400 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Bi-Racial or Multi-Racial
25 Participants
n=298 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
31 Participants
n=102 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
56 Participants
n=400 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Others/Not reported
14 Participants
n=298 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
15 Participants
n=102 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
29 Participants
n=400 Participants • Due to rounding, the reported percentages may not add up to exactly 100%. Since each percentage is rounded individually, the summed total may be slightly higher or lower than 100%.
Knowledge of overdose sign
0.77 Score on a 0 to 1 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.18 • n=298 Participants
0.78 Score on a 0 to 1 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.18 • n=102 Participants
0.77 Score on a 0 to 1 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.18 • n=400 Participants
Knowledge of overdose management
0.57 Score on a 0 to 1 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.25 • n=298 Participants
0.56 Score on a 0 to 1 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.26 • n=102 Participants
0.57 Score on a 0 to 1 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.25 • n=400 Participants
Self-Efficacy toward intervening opioid overdose
50.60 Score on a 0 to 100 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 28.88 • n=298 Participants
51.29 Score on a 0 to 100 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 27.95 • n=102 Participants
50.95 Score on a 0 to 100 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 28.40 • n=400 Participants
Response efficacy about intervening opioid overdose
70.31 Score on a 0 to 100 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 23.53 • n=298 Participants
70.30 Score on a 0 to 100 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 23.62 • n=102 Participants
70.31 Score on a 0 to 100 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 23.56 • n=400 Participants
Concerns related to overdose management
3.63 Score on a 1 to 5 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.00 • n=298 Participants
3.55 Score on a 1 to 5 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.04 • n=102 Participants
3.59 Score on a 1 to 5 scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.02 • n=400 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: up to 2 weeks

Population: The numbers differ from the numbers assigned in the Participant Flow because some randomized participants did not provide usable outcome data at this assessment.

Investigators will use a subset of Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) to measure through a forced choice scale with each choice coded as correct (=1) or incorrect (=0). Higher score indicated greater knowledge of overdose sign.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training
n=338 Participants
Investigators provided online training about opioid prevalence in US, opioid mechanism, side effect, and addiction. However, Investigators do not provide any knowledge about opioid overdose management and naloxone in this training.
Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training
n=312 Participants
ORRS is on online system to train citizen responders to administer NARCAN to save the lives of opioid overdose victims. It capitalizes on the innovative PulsePoint technology to connect responders to overdose events. PulsePoint is an app that connects 911 requesting assistance for cardiac arrests to responders with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. ORRS allows us to partner with PulsePoint users to expand its reach to opioid overdoses, which share the need for a quick response that emergency responders are often unable to provide. ORRS has the advantage of expanding the population of responders with NARCAN, rescue breathing, and CPR training that can be connected to overdose events, increasing the likelihood of saving overdose victims' lives through a quick, efficient response. ORRS is delivered through an interactive, digital platform containing sequential, multi-media modules.
Knowledge of Overdose Sign
0.78 scores
Standard Deviation 0.16
0.82 scores
Standard Deviation 0.17

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: up to 2 weeks

Population: The numbers differ from the numbers assigned in the Participant Flow because some randomized participants did not provide usable outcome data at this assessment.

Investigators will use a subset of Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) to measure through a forced choice scale with each choice coded as correct (=1) or incorrect (=0). Higher score indicated greater knowledge of overdose management.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training
n=338 Participants
Investigators provided online training about opioid prevalence in US, opioid mechanism, side effect, and addiction. However, Investigators do not provide any knowledge about opioid overdose management and naloxone in this training.
Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training
n=312 Participants
ORRS is on online system to train citizen responders to administer NARCAN to save the lives of opioid overdose victims. It capitalizes on the innovative PulsePoint technology to connect responders to overdose events. PulsePoint is an app that connects 911 requesting assistance for cardiac arrests to responders with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. ORRS allows us to partner with PulsePoint users to expand its reach to opioid overdoses, which share the need for a quick response that emergency responders are often unable to provide. ORRS has the advantage of expanding the population of responders with NARCAN, rescue breathing, and CPR training that can be connected to overdose events, increasing the likelihood of saving overdose victims' lives through a quick, efficient response. ORRS is delivered through an interactive, digital platform containing sequential, multi-media modules.
Knowledge of Overdose Management
0.66 scores
Standard Deviation 0.21
0.83 scores
Standard Deviation 0.15

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: up to 2 weeks

Population: The numbers differ from the numbers assigned in the Participant Flow because some randomized participants did not provide usable outcome data at this assessment.

Investigators will modify self-efficacy scale developed and theorized by Bandura (2005). Response options are from 0 (no confident) to 100 (highly confident). Higher score indicates greater self-efficacy

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training
n=338 Participants
Investigators provided online training about opioid prevalence in US, opioid mechanism, side effect, and addiction. However, Investigators do not provide any knowledge about opioid overdose management and naloxone in this training.
Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training
n=312 Participants
ORRS is on online system to train citizen responders to administer NARCAN to save the lives of opioid overdose victims. It capitalizes on the innovative PulsePoint technology to connect responders to overdose events. PulsePoint is an app that connects 911 requesting assistance for cardiac arrests to responders with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. ORRS allows us to partner with PulsePoint users to expand its reach to opioid overdoses, which share the need for a quick response that emergency responders are often unable to provide. ORRS has the advantage of expanding the population of responders with NARCAN, rescue breathing, and CPR training that can be connected to overdose events, increasing the likelihood of saving overdose victims' lives through a quick, efficient response. ORRS is delivered through an interactive, digital platform containing sequential, multi-media modules.
Self-Efficacy Toward Intervening Opioid Overdose
62.22 scores
Standard Deviation 28.52
80.12 scores
Standard Deviation 18.89

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: up to 2 weeks

Population: The numbers differ from the numbers assigned in the Participant Flow because some randomized participants did not provide usable outcome data at this assessment.

Investigators will develop and measure how participants perceive the effectiveness of activities to intervene opioid overdose events in communities. Response options are from 0 (not effective) to 100 (highly effective). Higher score indicate greater response efficacy.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training
n=338 Participants
Investigators provided online training about opioid prevalence in US, opioid mechanism, side effect, and addiction. However, Investigators do not provide any knowledge about opioid overdose management and naloxone in this training.
Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training
n=312 Participants
ORRS is on online system to train citizen responders to administer NARCAN to save the lives of opioid overdose victims. It capitalizes on the innovative PulsePoint technology to connect responders to overdose events. PulsePoint is an app that connects 911 requesting assistance for cardiac arrests to responders with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. ORRS allows us to partner with PulsePoint users to expand its reach to opioid overdoses, which share the need for a quick response that emergency responders are often unable to provide. ORRS has the advantage of expanding the population of responders with NARCAN, rescue breathing, and CPR training that can be connected to overdose events, increasing the likelihood of saving overdose victims' lives through a quick, efficient response. ORRS is delivered through an interactive, digital platform containing sequential, multi-media modules.
Response Efficacy About Intervening Opioid Overdose
76.25 scores
Standard Deviation 21.53
85.66 scores
Standard Deviation 17.97

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: up to 2 weeks

Population: The numbers differ from the numbers assigned in the Participant Flow because some randomized participants did not provide usable outcome data at this assessment.

Investigators will use a subset of Opioid Overdose Attitude Scale (OOAS) with 5 point scale (1: strongly disagree \~5: strongly agree). Higher score indicates the greater concerns.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training
n=338 Participants
Investigators provided online training about opioid prevalence in US, opioid mechanism, side effect, and addiction. However, Investigators do not provide any knowledge about opioid overdose management and naloxone in this training.
Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training
n=312 Participants
ORRS is on online system to train citizen responders to administer NARCAN to save the lives of opioid overdose victims. It capitalizes on the innovative PulsePoint technology to connect responders to overdose events. PulsePoint is an app that connects 911 requesting assistance for cardiac arrests to responders with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. ORRS allows us to partner with PulsePoint users to expand its reach to opioid overdoses, which share the need for a quick response that emergency responders are often unable to provide. ORRS has the advantage of expanding the population of responders with NARCAN, rescue breathing, and CPR training that can be connected to overdose events, increasing the likelihood of saving overdose victims' lives through a quick, efficient response. ORRS is delivered through an interactive, digital platform containing sequential, multi-media modules.
Concerns Related to Overdose Management
3.04 scores
Standard Deviation 1.13
2.33 scores
Standard Deviation 1.04

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: up to 2 weeks

Population: The numbers differ from the numbers assigned in the Participant Flow because some randomized participants did not provide usable outcome data at this assessment.

Investigators will use behavioral intention scale developed by in the opioid training literature (Hecht et al., 2023) to measure intent to intervene opioid overdose events in communities (e.g., administering Narcan). Response options are from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicates grater intention to intervene opioid overdose events in communities.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training
n=338 Participants
Investigators provided online training about opioid prevalence in US, opioid mechanism, side effect, and addiction. However, Investigators do not provide any knowledge about opioid overdose management and naloxone in this training.
Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training
n=312 Participants
ORRS is on online system to train citizen responders to administer NARCAN to save the lives of opioid overdose victims. It capitalizes on the innovative PulsePoint technology to connect responders to overdose events. PulsePoint is an app that connects 911 requesting assistance for cardiac arrests to responders with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. ORRS allows us to partner with PulsePoint users to expand its reach to opioid overdoses, which share the need for a quick response that emergency responders are often unable to provide. ORRS has the advantage of expanding the population of responders with NARCAN, rescue breathing, and CPR training that can be connected to overdose events, increasing the likelihood of saving overdose victims' lives through a quick, efficient response. ORRS is delivered through an interactive, digital platform containing sequential, multi-media modules.
Intent to Intervene Opioid Overdose Events in Communities
4.09 scores
Standard Deviation 0.94
4.31 scores
Standard Deviation 0.87

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Up to 6 months

Population: We did not assess Narcan-carrying frequency among control group participants because, at the time, Narcan was not available over the counter. Outcomes were assessed at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up visits, and the number of participants included in the analyses varied by time point. Because some participants did not respond to this specific item, the analytic sample size may differ slightly from the participant flow diagram.

Single item: how many days per week, on average, participants carry Narcn

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training
Investigators provided online training about opioid prevalence in US, opioid mechanism, side effect, and addiction. However, Investigators do not provide any knowledge about opioid overdose management and naloxone in this training.
Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training
n=133 Participants
ORRS is on online system to train citizen responders to administer NARCAN to save the lives of opioid overdose victims. It capitalizes on the innovative PulsePoint technology to connect responders to overdose events. PulsePoint is an app that connects 911 requesting assistance for cardiac arrests to responders with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. ORRS allows us to partner with PulsePoint users to expand its reach to opioid overdoses, which share the need for a quick response that emergency responders are often unable to provide. ORRS has the advantage of expanding the population of responders with NARCAN, rescue breathing, and CPR training that can be connected to overdose events, increasing the likelihood of saving overdose victims' lives through a quick, efficient response. ORRS is delivered through an interactive, digital platform containing sequential, multi-media modules.
The Number of Days Per Week, on Average, to Carry Narcan
1 month
3.87 days per week
Standard Deviation 3.17
The Number of Days Per Week, on Average, to Carry Narcan
3 month
4.25 days per week
Standard Deviation 2.99
The Number of Days Per Week, on Average, to Carry Narcan
6 month
4.00 days per week
Standard Deviation 3.05

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Up to 6 months

Population: Outcomes were assessed at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up visits, and the number of participants included in the analyses varied by time point. Because some participants did not respond to this specific item, the analytic sample size may differ slightly from the participant flow diagram.

Single item: whether participant response to overdose events from PulsePoint notifications/alerts

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training
n=151 Participants
Investigators provided online training about opioid prevalence in US, opioid mechanism, side effect, and addiction. However, Investigators do not provide any knowledge about opioid overdose management and naloxone in this training.
Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training
n=132 Participants
ORRS is on online system to train citizen responders to administer NARCAN to save the lives of opioid overdose victims. It capitalizes on the innovative PulsePoint technology to connect responders to overdose events. PulsePoint is an app that connects 911 requesting assistance for cardiac arrests to responders with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. ORRS allows us to partner with PulsePoint users to expand its reach to opioid overdoses, which share the need for a quick response that emergency responders are often unable to provide. ORRS has the advantage of expanding the population of responders with NARCAN, rescue breathing, and CPR training that can be connected to overdose events, increasing the likelihood of saving overdose victims' lives through a quick, efficient response. ORRS is delivered through an interactive, digital platform containing sequential, multi-media modules.
Number of Participants to Response to Overdose Events From PulsePoint App.
1 month
12 Participants
24 Participants
Number of Participants to Response to Overdose Events From PulsePoint App.
3 month
20 Participants
34 Participants
Number of Participants to Response to Overdose Events From PulsePoint App.
6 month
19 Participants
27 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Up to 6 months

Population: Outcomes were assessed at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up visits, and the number of participants included in the analyses varied by time point. Because some participants did not respond to this specific item, the analytic sample size may differ slightly from the participant flow diagram.

Single item: Whether participant administer Narcan to respond opioid overdose events in communities.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training
n=156 Participants
Investigators provided online training about opioid prevalence in US, opioid mechanism, side effect, and addiction. However, Investigators do not provide any knowledge about opioid overdose management and naloxone in this training.
Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training
n=144 Participants
ORRS is on online system to train citizen responders to administer NARCAN to save the lives of opioid overdose victims. It capitalizes on the innovative PulsePoint technology to connect responders to overdose events. PulsePoint is an app that connects 911 requesting assistance for cardiac arrests to responders with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. ORRS allows us to partner with PulsePoint users to expand its reach to opioid overdoses, which share the need for a quick response that emergency responders are often unable to provide. ORRS has the advantage of expanding the population of responders with NARCAN, rescue breathing, and CPR training that can be connected to overdose events, increasing the likelihood of saving overdose victims' lives through a quick, efficient response. ORRS is delivered through an interactive, digital platform containing sequential, multi-media modules.
Number of Participants to Administer Narcan
1 month
17 Participants
29 Participants
Number of Participants to Administer Narcan
3 month
21 Participants
33 Participants
Number of Participants to Administer Narcan
6 month
15 Participants
33 Participants

Adverse Events

Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Associate Professor

University of Missouri

Phone: 5738844592

Results disclosure agreements

  • Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
  • Publication restrictions are in place