Trial Outcomes & Findings for Evaluation of a New Noise Reduction Strategy in Hearing Aids (NCT NCT06138665)

Last Updated: 2026-08-19

Results Overview

Test measures speech perception in the presence of 5 competing talkers, presented from 5 speakers located in front of the participant. The talkers are presented sequentially with a brief offset of 1.2 seconds. One of the talkers is the target talker and the participant is instructed to listen for a specific call sign, which identifies the target talker. The participant is prompted to identify the color and number that is subsequently spoken by the target talker. The location of the target talker is randomized from the five locations in the front hemisphere. A score of correctly repeated color and number is calculated and a higher score is better. The dB levels at which the target talker and competing talkers are presented are determined individually for each participant by the Speech in Noise Test, described in Outcome 4.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

Target enrollment

17 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

1 day (lab visit 2)

Results posted on

2026-08-19

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Participants Who Started With Phonak Device A, Then Device B, Then Device C Participants who were assigned to complete study tasks using the devices in the order Device A, B, C	Participants Who Started With Device A, Then C, Then B Participants who were assigned to complete study tasks in the order Device A, then C, then B	Participants Who Started With Device B, Then A, Than C Participants who were assigned to complete study tasks in the order Device B, A, C	Participants Who Started With Device B, Then C, Then A Participants who were assigned to complete study tasks in the order Device B, then C, then A	Participants Who Started With Device C, Then A, Then B Participants who were assigned to complete study tasks in the order Device C, then A, then B	Participants Who Started With Device C, Then B, Then A Participants who were assigned to complete study tasks in the order Device C, then B, then A
Overall Study STARTED	3	3	2	3	3	3
Overall Study COMPLETED	3	2	2	3	2	3
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	0	1	0	0	1	0

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	All Participants n=17 Participants All participants who completed at least one study task with either the investigational device (Device A/Phonak Infinio Sphere) or with the investigational device (Device A/Phonak Infinio Sphere) and at least one comparator device (comparator device B, comparator device C)
Age, Continuous	76.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.13 • n=17 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	7 Participants n=17 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	10 Participants n=17 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	17 Participants n=17 Participants
Right Ear Pure Tone Average	57.6 decibels STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.96 • n=17 Participants
Left Ear Pure Tone Average	55.7 decibels STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.8 • n=17 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 day (lab visit 2)

Population: Out of 17 recruited participants, only 9 were able to complete the task.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	All Participants Who Completed the CRM Task n=9 Participants All participants who completed the CRM task using both the experimental hearing aid (Phonak Hearing Aid) and the competitor hearing aids (Hearing Aid B and Hearing Aid C).
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 60 degrees, condition Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	81.9 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 19
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 60 degrees, condition Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	90 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 10
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 60 degrees, condition Phonak HA with New NR feature ON at proposed settings	87.5 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 9
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 60 degrees, condition Competitor HA B with current Noise Reduction ON	59.7 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 25
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 60 degrees, condition Competitor HA C with current Noise Reduction ON	78.1 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 25
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 120 degrees, condition Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	56.9 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 19
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 120 degrees, condition Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	76.4 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 20
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 120 degrees, Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature ON at proposed settings	58.3 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 19
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 120 degrees, condition Competitor HA B with current Noise Reduction ON	34.7 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 20
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 120 degrees, condition Competitor HA C with current Noise Reduction ON	39.1 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 16
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 180 degrees, condition Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	58.3 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 22
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 180 degrees, condition Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	63.9 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 12
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 180 degrees, Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature ON at proposed settings	47.2 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 25
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 180 degrees, condition Competitor HA B with current Noise Reduction ON	44.4 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 14
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 180 degrees, condition Competitor HA C with current Noise Reduction ON	37.5 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 24
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 240 degrees, condition Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	59.7 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 26
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 240 degrees, condition Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	73.6 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 18
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 240 degrees, Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature ON at proposed settings	65.3 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 20
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 240 degrees, condition Competitor HA B with current Noise Reduction ON	37.5 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 20
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 240 degrees, condition Competitor HA C with current Noise Reduction ON	25 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 20
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 300 degrees, condition Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	76.4 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 28
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 300 degrees, condition Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	84.7 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 17
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 300 degrees, Phonak HA with New Noise Reduction Feature ON at proposed settings	90.3 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 16
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 300 degrees, condition Competitor HA B with current Noise Reduction ON	55.6 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 21
Coordinate Response Measure Target speech at 300 degrees, condition Competitor HA C with current Noise Reduction ON	84.4 Percent correct responses Standard Deviation 16

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 day (lab visit1)

Population: Out of 17 recruited participants, 13 were able to complete the task.

An adaptive method of measuring subjective listening effort. Three sentences are presented sequentially in noise. The listener rates their subjective effort on a 13-point scale that goes from Effortless (1) to Extremely Effortful (13). There is a 14th point which is labeled "Only Noise" and indicates no speech was heard. After each rating, the volume of the speech adapts. The algorithm is designed to capture the SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) that includes both the effortless and the extremely effortful rating for an individual. Listeners rate different SNR levels using the scale, for instance, a listener may rate an SNR of -12 dB (where speech is 12 dB softer than the noise) as Very Effortful, or 11 on the scale, while rating a SNR of -2 (where speech is only 2 dB softer than noise) as Effortless or a 1 on the scale. In comparing HA settings, that which has the least negative SNR for a particular rating on the scale indicates less effort.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	All Participants Who Completed the CRM Task n=13 Participants All participants who completed the CRM task using both the experimental hearing aid (Phonak Hearing Aid) and the competitor hearing aids (Hearing Aid B and Hearing Aid C).
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 1 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-2 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3.7
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 2 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-3.1 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 4.7
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 3 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-4.3 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3.7
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 4 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-3.9 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 0.6
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 5 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-6.6 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 6 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-8.7 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3.7
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 7 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-7.5 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 1.9
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 8 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-10.3 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.6
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 9 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-9.4 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.4
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 10 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-9.7 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 1.9
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 11 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-11.4 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 1.9
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 12 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-11.7 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 1.5
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 13 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-13.3 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.3
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 14 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature ON	-12.8 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 1.8
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 1 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	1.2 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 4.5
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 2 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	3.8 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 6.1
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 3 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	-1.4 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.8
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 4 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	-5.6 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3.8
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 5 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	-2.1 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.8
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 6 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	-5.4 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3.9
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 7 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	-5 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 8 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	-9.1 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 0
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 9 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	-6 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.6
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 10 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	0 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 0
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 11 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	-7.3 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.2
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 12 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	-8.9 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 1.3
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 13 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	-9.4 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.5
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 14 in Hearing aid A with New Noise Reduction Feature OFF	0 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 0
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 1 in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-1.5 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 4.2
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 2 in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-2.8 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 4.1
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 3 in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-4.2 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 4
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 4in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-6.1 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3.3
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 5 in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-6.9 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3.6
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 6 in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-6.9 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3.1
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 7 in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-8 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3.6
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 8 in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-10.7 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.1
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 9 in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-9.7 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 10 in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-10.5 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.4
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 11 in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-11.7 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.2
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 12 in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-11 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.3
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 13 in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-13.7 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.6
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 14 in Phonak aid A with New NR at proposed settings	-18.1 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.5
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 1 in Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	0.1 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.6
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 2 in Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	-0.9 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 1.4
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 3 in Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	-2.2 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.4
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 4 in Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	-3.4 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.8
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 5 in Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	-5 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.9
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 6 in Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	-3 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3.1
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 7 in Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	-5.3 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 8 in Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	-5.2 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.4
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 9 in Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	-5.4 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 1.9
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 10, Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	-9.2 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3.2
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 11, Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	-8.2 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.4
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 12, Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	-6.8 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.5
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 13, Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	-10 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.3
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 14, Hearing aid B with current noise reduction feature ON	-15 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 4.2
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 1, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-1 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 4.7
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 2, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-3.8 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3.4
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 3, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-1.6 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 5.2
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 4, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-4.5 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 5, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-4.4 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 4.1
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 6, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-6.3 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 7, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-7.4 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.4
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 8, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-12.3 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3.6
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 9, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-8 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.5
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 10, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-8.7 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 1.6
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 11, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-10.4 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.1
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 12, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-10.9 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 3
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 13, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-12.2 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 1.9
ACALES (Adaptive Categorical Listening Effort Scaling) SNR in dB with listening effort rating of 14, Hearing aid C with current noise reduction feature ON	-14 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Standard Deviation 2.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 day (lab visit 1)

Population: 16 of 17 recruited participants were able to complete this task.

Participants ranked the three devices on a scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best) for five characteristics: Noise suppression, overall satisfaction, speech clarity, speech loudness, speech naturalness. For each participant, ranks were assigned to each device based on the rating it received, with 1 being the highest rank and 3 being the lowest rank. The frequency of each rank was then calculated for each device across all raters. Results are displayed in the count of devices in each ranking. No statistical analysis was performed on this measure.