Trial Outcomes & Findings for iTBS/fMRI Study of Hierarchical Control in the PFC (NCT NCT05878080)
NCT ID: NCT05878080
Last Updated: 2026-02-25
Results Overview
effective connectivity among areas of the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex in the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) \[note, this measure has no units, but effective connectivity is a rate measure, so is expressed in Hertz\]
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
54 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)
Results posted on
2026-02-25
Participant Flow
After enrollment, participants complete 1) a baseline functional MRI scan to determine targets for transcranial magnetic stimulation, and 2) motor thresholding to determine intensity of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Participants are not assigned to arms if they cannot perform the task inside the MRI scanner (e.g. due to claustrophobia) or if they cannot tolerate transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
MFG-TMS Then FPl-TMS Then S1-TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus then lateral frontal pole then primary somatosensory cortex. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
MFG-TMS Then S1-TMS Then FPl-TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus then primary somatosensory cortex then lateral frontal pole. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
FPl-TMS Then MFG-TMS Then S1-TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole then middle frontal gyrus then primary somatosensory cortex. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
FPl-TMS Then S1-TMS Then MFG-TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole then primary somatosensory cortex then middle frontal gyrus. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
S1-TMS Then MFG-TMS Then FPl-TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to primary somatosensory cortex then middle frontal gyrus then lateral frontal pole. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
S1-TMS Then FPl-TMS Then MFG-TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to primary somatosensory cortex then lateral frontal pole then middle frontal gyrus. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
6
|
6
|
8
|
6
|
5
|
8
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
6
|
5
|
6
|
5
|
5
|
6
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
2
|
Reasons for withdrawal
| Measure |
MFG-TMS Then FPl-TMS Then S1-TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus then lateral frontal pole then primary somatosensory cortex. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
MFG-TMS Then S1-TMS Then FPl-TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus then primary somatosensory cortex then lateral frontal pole. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
FPl-TMS Then MFG-TMS Then S1-TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole then middle frontal gyrus then primary somatosensory cortex. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
FPl-TMS Then S1-TMS Then MFG-TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole then primary somatosensory cortex then middle frontal gyrus. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
S1-TMS Then MFG-TMS Then FPl-TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to primary somatosensory cortex then middle frontal gyrus then lateral frontal pole. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
S1-TMS Then FPl-TMS Then MFG-TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to primary somatosensory cortex then lateral frontal pole then middle frontal gyrus. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
Withdrawal by Subject
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
|
Overall Study
TMS Intolerance
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
Baseline Characteristics
iTBS/fMRI Study of Hierarchical Control in the PFC
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
MFG-TMS Then FPl-TMS Then S1-TMS
n=6 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus then lateral frontal pole then primary somatosensory cortex. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
MFG-TMS Then S1-TMS Then FPl-TMS
n=6 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus then primary somatosensory cortex then lateral frontal pole. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
FPl-TMS Then MFG-TMS Then S1-TMS
n=8 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole then middle frontal gyrus then primary somatosensory cortex. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
FPl-TMS Then S1-TMS Then MFG-TMS
n=6 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole then primary somatosensory cortex then middle frontal gyrus. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
S1-TMS Then MFG-TMS Then FPl-TMS
n=5 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to primary somatosensory cortex then middle frontal gyrus then lateral frontal pole. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
S1-TMS Then FPl-TMS Then MFG-TMS
n=8 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to primary somatosensory cortex then lateral frontal pole then middle frontal gyrus. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
|
Total
n=39 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Categorical
<=18 years
|
0 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Age, Categorical
Between 18 and 65 years
|
6 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
39 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Age, Categorical
>=65 years
|
0 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Age, Continuous
|
19.5 years
n=24 Participants
|
20 years
n=20 Participants
|
20 years
n=40 Participants
|
19.67 years
n=565 Participants
|
19.6 years
n=349 Participants
|
20 years
n=4 Participants
|
19.8 years
n=10 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
4 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
29 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
2 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
|
0 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
|
1 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
0 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
|
1 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
|
4 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
24 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
|
0 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
|
1 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
|
5 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
32 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=565 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=349 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, (2) completed all three study arms and (3) did not exceed a root mean squared framewise displacement of 0.25, a measure of movement during scans.
effective connectivity among areas of the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex in the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) \[note, this measure has no units, but effective connectivity is a rate measure, so is expressed in Hertz\]
Outcome measures
| Measure |
FPl-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
MFG-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
S1-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary somatosensory cortex. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
MFG Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude
|
0.2177 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0268
|
0.2248 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0336
|
0.1911 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0317
|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
MFG Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude
|
0.3157 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0331
|
0.3168 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0533
|
0.3153 Hertz
Standard Error 0.038
|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
MFG Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Control Areas Magnitude
|
0.1198 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0369
|
0.1327 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0497
|
0.067 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0446
|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
FPl Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude
|
0.0738 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0239
|
0.0653 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0303
|
0.1078 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0293
|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
FPl Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude
|
0.1212 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0899
|
0.0865 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0717
|
0.0992 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0828
|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
FPl Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Control Areas Magnitude
|
0.0508 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0345
|
0.0479 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0397
|
0.0946 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0396
|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
FPl Efferent Connectivity to Sensorimotor Control Areas Magnitude
|
0.0952 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0396
|
0.0964 Hertz
Standard Error 0.042
|
0.156 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0579
|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
MFG Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude Change from Baseline
|
0.008 Hertz
Standard Error 0.032
|
0.015 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0189
|
-0.0186 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0185
|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
MFG Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline
|
-0.0056 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0264
|
-0.0045 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0306
|
-0.006 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0314
|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
MFG Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline
|
0.0216 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0602
|
0.0346 Hertz
Standard Error 0.031
|
-0.0311 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0291
|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
FPl Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude Change from Baseline
|
-0.00089 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0204
|
-0.0093 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0318
|
0.0332 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0234
|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
FPl Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline
|
-0.0228 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0718
|
-0.0575 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0476
|
-0.0449 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0681
|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
FPl Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline
|
0.0121 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0251
|
0.0092 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0403
|
0.0559 Hertz
Standard Error 0.028
|
|
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
FPl Efferent Connectivity to Sensorimotor Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline
|
-0.0178 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0282
|
-0.0166 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0348
|
0.043 Hertz
Standard Error 0.0508
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, (2) completed all three study arms and (3) did not exceed a root mean squared framewise displacement of 0.25, a measure of movement during scans.
blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal in areas of the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) \[note, this measure has no units\]
Outcome measures
| Measure |
FPl-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
MFG-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
S1-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary somatosensory cortex. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Overall BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem
|
0.0796 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0257
|
0.0958 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0199
|
0.1021 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0209
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Overall BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem
|
0.2405 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0275
|
0.239 No Unit
Standard Error 0.024
|
0.2402 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0282
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Overall BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem
|
0.1748 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0162
|
0.1871 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0198
|
0.1738 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0199
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Temporal Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem
|
0.2512 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0382
|
0.2482 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0351
|
0.26 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0414
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem
|
-0.1448 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0334
|
-0.0133 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0347
|
-0.0692 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0339
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem
|
0.2149 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0369
|
0.2899 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0316
|
0.2748 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0369
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem
|
0.2762 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0296
|
0.3269 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0293
|
0.2929 No Unit
Standard Error 0.033
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Overall BOLD Change from Baseline
|
0.0318 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0152
|
0.0409 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0154
|
0.0389 No Unit
Standard Error 0.017
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Overall BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline
|
0.0164 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0199
|
0.0326 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0169
|
0.039 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0166
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Overall BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline
|
0.0459 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0202
|
0.0444 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0233
|
0.0457 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0247
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Overall BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline
|
0.0331 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0124
|
0.0455 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0144
|
0.0322 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0154
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Temporal Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline
|
-0.0335 No Unit
Standard Error 0.043
|
-0.0365 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0326
|
-0.0247 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0299
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Temporal Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline
|
0.0632 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0409
|
0.0887 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0314
|
0.051 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0353
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Temporal Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline
|
0.0364 No Unit
Standard Error 0.03
|
0.0686 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0233
|
0.0686 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0285
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline
|
0.1002 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0298
|
0.0202 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0379
|
0.0833 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0427
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline
|
0.0423 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0236
|
-0.0628 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0482
|
-0.0061 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0448
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline
|
0.0084 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0165
|
-0.0373 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0327
|
-0.0434 No Unit
Standard Error 0.03
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Temporal Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem
|
0.1159 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0325
|
0.1414 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0305
|
0.1039 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0377
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Temporal Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem
|
-0.0366 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0247
|
-0.0044 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0223
|
-0.0043 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0264
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem
|
0.1324 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0429
|
0.0525 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0388
|
0.1156 No Unit
Standard Error 0.042
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem
|
0.3907 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0422
|
0.2856 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0445
|
0.3423 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0489
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem
|
0.2846 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0221
|
0.2389 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0372
|
0.2328 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0283
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Overall BOLD
|
0.1649 No Unit
Standard Error 0.019
|
0.174 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0177
|
0.1721 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0198
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline
|
-0.0173 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0349
|
0.1141 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0347
|
0.0582 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0284
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline
|
0.0323 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0367
|
0.1073 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0324
|
0.0922 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0372
|
|
PFC-PPC Activation
Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline
|
0.0546 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0288
|
0.1052 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0223
|
0.0713 No Unit
Standard Error 0.0222
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, and (2) completed all three study arms.
behavioral performance (error rate) on conditions involving temporal control in the comprehensive control task
Outcome measures
| Measure |
FPl-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
MFG-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
S1-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary somatosensory cortex. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate)
Difference between high and low temporal control trials error roate
|
3.6774 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 0.7965
|
4.6272 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 0.8695
|
3.9773 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 0.932
|
|
Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate)
Difference between high and low temporal control sub-task trial error rate
|
-0.9785 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 0.628
|
0.0688 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 0.5453
|
-0.7576 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 0.5464
|
|
Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate)
Difference between high and low temporal control return trial error rate
|
8.3333 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 1.5957
|
9.1856 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 1.6764
|
8.7121 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 1.9221
|
|
Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate)
Difference between high and low temporal control trials error rate relative to baseline
|
-0.4939 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 0.8229
|
0.4559 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 1.0711
|
-0.1941 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 0.9148
|
|
Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate)
Difference between high and low temporal control sub-task trial error rate relative to baseline
|
-0.0156 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 0.6639
|
1.0317 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 0.6544
|
0.2053 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 0.518
|
|
Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate)
Difference between high and low temporal control return trial error rate relative to baseline
|
-0.9722 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 1.4047
|
-0.1199 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 2.1866
|
-0.5934 Percentage of errors
Standard Error 1.711
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (t minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, and (2) completed all three study arms.
behavioral performance (error rate) on conditions involving contextual control in the comprehensive control task
Outcome measures
| Measure |
FPl-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
MFG-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
S1-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary somatosensory cortex. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
Difference between high and low contextual control trial error rate
|
7.7178 Percent Errors
Standard Error 1.2148
|
4.7408 Percent Errors
Standard Error 0.8493
|
5.7449 Percent Errors
Standard Error 1.2389
|
|
Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
Difference between high and low contextual control sub-task trial error rate
|
2.5568 Percent Errors
Standard Error 0.6332
|
2.3794 Percent Errors
Standard Error 0.4384
|
2.399 Percent Errors
Standard Error 0.6224
|
|
Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
Difference between high and low contextual control return trial error rate
|
12.8788 Percent Errors
Standard Error 2.303
|
7.1023 Percent Errors
Standard Error 1.51
|
9.0909 Percent Errors
Standard Error 2.1519
|
|
Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
Difference between high and low contextual control trial error rate relative to baseline
|
1.1336 Percent Errors
Standard Error 1.1381
|
-1.8434 Percent Errors
Standard Error 0.8927
|
-0.8393 Percent Errors
Standard Error 1.1115
|
|
Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
Difference between high and low contextual control sub-task trial error rate relative to baseline
|
0.0828 Percent Errors
Standard Error 0.6901
|
-0.0946 Percent Errors
Standard Error 0.5645
|
-0.075 Percent Errors
Standard Error 0.6446
|
|
Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
Difference between high and low contextual control return trial error rate relative to baseline
|
2.1843 Percent Errors
Standard Error 2.1215
|
-3.5922 Percent Errors
Standard Error 1.5391
|
-1.6035 Percent Errors
Standard Error 1.9302
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, and (2) completed all three study arms.
behavioral performance (error rate) of the interaction of temporal and contextual control in the comprehensive control task
Outcome measures
| Measure |
FPl-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
MFG-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
S1-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary somatosensory cortex. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate
|
-0.2367 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 0.9101
|
-0.4449 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 0.8262
|
-0.5051 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 1.0789
|
|
Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate on sub-task trials
|
2.5568 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 0.5682
|
2.0457 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 0.551
|
2.5884 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 0.5051
|
|
Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate on return trials
|
-3.0303 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 1.9015
|
-2.9356 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 1.7413
|
-3.5985 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 2.168
|
|
Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate relative to baseline
|
0.2806 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 0.825
|
0.0724 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 0.8132
|
0.0122 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 0.9786
|
|
Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate on sub-task trials vs baseline
|
0.8515 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 0.6016
|
0.3404 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 0.513
|
0.8831 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 0.6663
|
|
Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate on return trials vs baseline
|
-0.2904 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 1.4981
|
-0.1957 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 1.6377
|
-0.8586 Percentage Errors
Standard Error 1.7872
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, and (2) completed all three study arms.
behavioral performance (reaction time in milliseconds) on conditions involving temporal control in the comprehensive control task
Outcome measures
| Measure |
FPl-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
MFG-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
S1-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary somatosensory cortex. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Difference between high and low temporal control trial reaction time
|
14.7162 Milliseconds
Standard Error 12.6302
|
1.3866 Milliseconds
Standard Error 13.0687
|
2.3381 Milliseconds
Standard Error 14.4946
|
|
Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Difference between high and low temporal control sub-task trial reaction time
|
-49.5445 Milliseconds
Standard Error 12.9196
|
-49.5869 Milliseconds
Standard Error 14.5006
|
-65.4566 Milliseconds
Standard Error 13.2162
|
|
Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Difference between high and low temporal control return trial reaction time
|
78.977 Milliseconds
Standard Error 19.9733
|
52.3601 Milliseconds
Standard Error 17.9037
|
70.1329 Milliseconds
Standard Error 23.4219
|
|
Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Difference between high and low temporal control trial reaction time relative to baseline
|
17.1732 Milliseconds
Standard Error 11.8695
|
3.8436 Milliseconds
Standard Error 10.8624
|
4.7951 Milliseconds
Standard Error 12.1586
|
|
Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Difference between high and low temporal control sub-task trial reaction time relative to baseline
|
22.1352 Milliseconds
Standard Error 10.4356
|
22.0929 Milliseconds
Standard Error 11.3812
|
6.2231 Milliseconds
Standard Error 7.7173
|
|
Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Difference between high and low temporal control return trial reaction time relative to baseline
|
12.2112 Milliseconds
Standard Error 18.1079
|
-14.4056 Milliseconds
Standard Error 17.8138
|
3.3671 Milliseconds
Standard Error 21.5217
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, and (2) completed all three study arms.
behavioral performance (reaction time in milliseconds) on conditions involving contextual control in the comprehensive control task
Outcome measures
| Measure |
FPl-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
MFG-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
S1-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary somatosensory cortex. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Difference between high and low contextual control trial reaction time
|
223.8835 Milliseconds
Standard Error 13.897
|
196.5144 Milliseconds
Standard Error 16.5796
|
207.0607 Milliseconds
Standard Error 12.3121
|
|
Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Difference between high and low contextual control sub-task trial reaction time
|
185.165 Milliseconds
Standard Error 11.2663
|
151.2204 Milliseconds
Standard Error 12.6028
|
172.9899 Milliseconds
Standard Error 13.9
|
|
Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Difference between high and low contextual control return trial reaction time
|
262.6019 Milliseconds
Standard Error 22.2582
|
241.8084 Milliseconds
Standard Error 24.9603
|
241.1315 Milliseconds
Standard Error 19.2476
|
|
Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Difference between high and low contextual control trial reaction time relative to baseline
|
-8.7656 Milliseconds
Standard Error 14.3625
|
-36.1347 Milliseconds
Standard Error 17.6706
|
-25.5884 Milliseconds
Standard Error 12.5704
|
|
Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Difference between high and low contextual control sub-task trial reaction time relative to baseline
|
-20.5084 Milliseconds
Standard Error 11.4171
|
-54.453 Milliseconds
Standard Error 13.4582
|
-32.6835 Milliseconds
Standard Error 11.8063
|
|
Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Difference between high and low contextual control return trial reaction time relative to baseline
|
2.9771 Milliseconds
Standard Error 22.6942
|
-17.8164 Milliseconds
Standard Error 28.1807
|
-18.4993 Milliseconds
Standard Error 20.0323
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, and (2) completed all three study arms.
behavioral performance (reaction time in milliseconds) on the interaction between temporal control and contextual control in the comprehensive control task
Outcome measures
| Measure |
FPl-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
MFG-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
S1-TMS
n=33 Participants
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary somatosensory cortex. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control sub-task trials on RT vs baseline
|
2.6641 Milliseconds
Standard Error 15.6154
|
-13.6306 Milliseconds
Standard Error 14.4518
|
-10.5684 Milliseconds
Standard Error 12.8136
|
|
Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control trials on reaction time
|
73.9891 Milliseconds
Standard Error 17.2049
|
62.1515 Milliseconds
Standard Error 11.3344
|
73.5031 Milliseconds
Standard Error 12.0316
|
|
Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control sub-task trials on reaction time
|
174.2524 Milliseconds
Standard Error 18.1531
|
157.9577 Milliseconds
Standard Error 15.4228
|
161.0199 Milliseconds
Standard Error 13.3624
|
|
Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control return trials on reaction time
|
-26.2741 Milliseconds
Standard Error 27.3581
|
-33.6546 Milliseconds
Standard Error 18.6431
|
-14.0137 Milliseconds
Standard Error 21.2459
|
|
Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control trials on reaction time vs baseline
|
14.056 Milliseconds
Standard Error 17.9829
|
2.2184 Milliseconds
Standard Error 10.6303
|
13.5699 Milliseconds
Standard Error 11.4938
|
|
Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control return trials on RT vs baseline
|
25.4479 Milliseconds
Standard Error 25.721
|
18.0674 Milliseconds
Standard Error 15.353
|
37.7083 Milliseconds
Standard Error 21.3244
|
Adverse Events
FPl-TMS
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 4 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
MFG-TMS
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 1 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
S1-TMS
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
| Measure |
FPl-TMS
n=37 participants at risk
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
MFG-TMS
n=34 participants at risk
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
S1-TMS
n=35 participants at risk
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary somatosensory cortex. 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 2 seconds repeated every 10 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Scalp discomfort
|
10.8%
4/37 • From enrollment until end of participation, up to 6 weeks
|
2.9%
1/34 • From enrollment until end of participation, up to 6 weeks
|
0.00%
0/35 • From enrollment until end of participation, up to 6 weeks
|
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place