Effect of Oral Dexmedetomidine, Ketamine, Or Midazolam as Preioperative Medications.

Summary

Anxiety preceding surgery results in hemodynamic instability, metabolic side effects, increased post-operative pain, and agitation during emergence. Therefore, pharmacological interventions are used to reduce pre-operative anxiety and enhance anesthetic induction without delaying recovery. The premedication must be administered in a manner that is safe, painless, and without significant adverse effects.

In children, the incidence of emergency agitation or delirium after general anesthesia ranges from 10% to 80% and significantly increases the incidence of other complications after anesthesia, such as self-injury, prolonged postanesthesia care unit (PACU) stay, frustration of parents and care providers.

Numerous pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques, including sedative premedication, parental presence, and training programs for participants and their parents, have been investigated to reduce anxiety and enhance compliance during anesthesia induction.

An ideal premedication prescription should sedate a child to facilitate separation from parents, thus simplifying anesthesia induction and creating a pleasant surgical experience for both children and parents. \[5\]

Anxiolysis is the major objective of premedication in children, as it facilitates separation from parents and facilitates the induction of anesthesia.

Premedication may also induce amnesia, the prevention of physiologic stress, vagolysis, a decrease in total anesthetic requirements, a lower likelihood of aspiration, decreased salivation and secretions, antiemesis, and analgesia. All drugs have the potential to make people sleepy and slow their breathing, so they must be given with extreme care and closely watched.

Ketamine is a useful sedative and analgesic for preventing preoperative anxiety in children; it exerts its analgesic effect through the reversible antagonist action of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. It has analgesic and sedative effects in different doses of administration. Ketamine is often administered orally and is αreported to be safe and effective in pediatric patients.

An effective sedative and analgesic with minimal respiratory depressive effects is dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenoceptor agonist. It also reduces the hemodynamic stress response due to its sympatholytic effect. These characteristics make it a possible anesthetic premedication.

Midazolam, a water-soluble benzodiazepine, is commonly used as a preanesthetic medicine in children due to its several favorable effects: sedation, anxiolysis, antegrade amnesia, rapid onset, and brief duration of action.

Adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy are the most common surgical procedures done on children.

Hence, the present study will be conducted to objectively evaluate, the perioperative effects of oral dexmedetomidine, ketamine, or midazolam premedication in patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy.

Conditions

• Anesthesia

Interventions

DRUG

oral Dexmedetomidine

will receive 4 micrograms/kg oral Dexmedetomidine diluted in paracetamol \[Paracetamol syrup 150 mg/5ml\] at a dose of 15 mg/kg given 45 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia

DRUG

oral ketamine

will receive 6 mg/kg oral ketamine diluted in paracetamol \[Paracetamol syrup 150 mg/5ml\] at a dose of 15 mg/kg 45 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia

DRUG

oral Midazolam

will receive 0.3 mg/kg (maximum 20 mg) oral Midazolam diluted in paracetamol \[Paracetamol syrup 150 mg/5ml\] at a dose of 15 mg/kg given 45 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Menoufia University

  lead OTHER

Study Design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

SUPPORTIVE_CARE

Masking

QUADRUPLE

Model

PARALLEL

Eligibility

Min Age

3 Years

Max Age

8 Years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

No

Timeline & Regulatory

Start

2023-03-01

Primary Completion

2024-03-01

Completion

2024-03-01

Countries

• Egypt

Study Locations