Trial Outcomes & Findings for QuitBet Phase II: A Digital Social Game That Pays You to Stop Smoking (NCT NCT05075213)
NCT ID: NCT05075213
Last Updated: 2026-02-27
Results Overview
At 6 month follow-up, participant reported no smoking during the past 7 days (survey question: "Have you smoked a cigarette, even just a puff, during the past 7 days?" with answer choices of "yes" or "no" - participant responded "no").
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
245 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
6 months after the start date of their first QuitBet game
Results posted on
2026-02-27
Participant Flow
Unit of analysis: Cohorts (games)
Participant milestones
| Measure |
QuitBet
QuitBet is a 28-day quit smoking game delivered via a smartphone app that includes contingency management in the form of a deposit contract, integrated exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO) testing, a social feed on which "players" can post messages, and a "game board" that displays players' status (i.e., progress toward "winning"). A game host will post educational information about smoking cessation and moderate participant discussions. Participants will deposit ("bet") $30 of their own money at the start of the game. Participants who submit a CO test that is under 7ppm (indicating no smoking) on at least 24 of the 26 days between day 3-28 will be declared winners and split the total pot of deposits. All participants who submit at least 21 CO tests, regardless of result, will be entered into a raffle to win a $75 prize.
|
QuitBet-NS (no Social Elements)
QuitBet-NS will include the deposit contract and integrated CO testing with identical rules to QuitBet for being a winner, the $75 raffle for submitting at least 21 CO tests, a display of the participant's daily CO test results that is updated in real time, and a game feed on which only the game host has the ability to post. Players will not be able to post on this feed or respond to the host's posts. At the beginning of the game, the host will post limited information, including a list of smoking cessation resources. QuitBet-NS will NOT include the social feed, leaderboard, or any other social features.
contingency management (deposit contract): Participants will deposit $30 of their own money to play QuitBet. Participants will submit a CO test once per day between the hours of noon and 11:59pm. Participants whose CO test is 6ppm or lower (indicating no smoking) on at least 24 of 26 days between day 3-28 of the game will be declared winners and split the pot of deposited money. Participants who submit at least 21 CO tests, regardless of the result, will be entered into a raffle to win a prize worth $75.
smoking cessation resource list: Participants will have access to a list of smoking cessation resources
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|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
109 7
|
136 7
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
51 7
|
74 7
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
58 0
|
62 0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
QuitBet Phase II: A Digital Social Game That Pays You to Stop Smoking
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
QuitBet
n=7 Cohorts (games)
QuitBet is a 28-day quit smoking game delivered via a smartphone app that includes contingency management in the form of a deposit contract, integrated exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO) testing, a social feed on which "players" can post messages, and a "game board" that displays players' status (i.e., progress toward "winning"). A game host will post educational information about smoking cessation and moderate participant discussions. Participants will deposit ("bet") $30 of their own money at the start of the game. Participants who submit a CO test that is under 7ppm (indicating no smoking) on at least 24 of the 26 days between day 3-28 will be declared winners and split the total pot of deposits. All participants who submit at least 21 CO tests, regardless of result, will be entered into a raffle to win a $75 prize.
|
QuitBet-NS (no Social Elements)
n=7 Cohorts (games)
QuitBet-NS will include the deposit contract and integrated CO testing with identical rules to QuitBet for being a winner, the $75 raffle for submitting at least 21 CO tests, a display of the participant's daily CO test results that is updated in real time, and a game feed on which only the game host has the ability to post. Players will not be able to post on this feed or respond to the host's posts. At the beginning of the game, the host will post limited information, including a list of smoking cessation resources. QuitBet-NS will NOT include the social feed, leaderboard, or any other social features.
|
Total
n=14 Cohorts (games)
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
44.2 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.5 • n=24 Participants
|
45.4 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.4 • n=20 Participants
|
44.9 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.4 • n=40 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Gender · Male
|
31 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
42 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
73 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Gender · Female
|
77 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
91 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
168 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Gender · Non-binary
|
1 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Gender · Unknown
|
0 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
|
1 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
|
4 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
2 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
|
8 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
19 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
|
88 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
108 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
196 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
|
6 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
|
9 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
18 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
|
100 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
124 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
224 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=24 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=20 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
|
109 participants
n=24 Participants
|
136 participants
n=20 Participants
|
245 participants
n=40 Participants
|
|
Cigarettes smoked per day
|
12.9 cigarettes per day
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.0 • n=24 Participants
|
14.1 cigarettes per day
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.9 • n=20 Participants
|
13.5 cigarettes per day
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.6 • n=40 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 months after the start date of their first QuitBet gameAt 6 month follow-up, participant reported no smoking during the past 7 days (survey question: "Have you smoked a cigarette, even just a puff, during the past 7 days?" with answer choices of "yes" or "no" - participant responded "no").
Outcome measures
| Measure |
QuitBet
n=109 Participants
QuitBet is a 28-day quit smoking game delivered via a smartphone app that includes contingency management in the form of a deposit contract, integrated exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO) testing, a social feed on which "players" can post messages, and a "game board" that displays players' status (i.e., progress toward "winning"). A game host will post educational information about smoking cessation and moderate participant discussions. Participants will deposit ("bet") $30 of their own money at the start of the game. Participants who submit a CO test that is under 7ppm (indicating no smoking) on at least 24 of the 26 days between day 3-28 will be declared winners and split the total pot of deposits. All participants who submit at least 21 CO tests, regardless of result, will be entered into a raffle to win a $75 prize.
|
QuitBet-NS (no Social Elements)
n=136 Participants
QuitBet-NS will include the deposit contract and integrated CO testing with identical rules to QuitBet for being a winner, the $75 raffle for submitting at least 21 CO tests, a display of the participant's daily CO test results that is updated in real time, and a game feed on which only the game host has the ability to post. Players will not be able to post on this feed or respond to the host's posts. At the beginning of the game, the host will post limited information, including a list of smoking cessation resources. QuitBet-NS will NOT include the social feed, leaderboard, or any other social features.
contingency management (deposit contract): Participants will deposit $30 of their own money to play QuitBet. Participants will submit a CO test once per day between the hours of noon and 11:59pm. Participants whose CO test is 6ppm or lower (indicating no smoking) on at least 24 of 26 days between day 3-28 of the game will be declared winners and split the pot of deposited money. Participants who submit at least 21 CO tests, regardless of the result, will be entered into a raffle to win a prize worth $75.
smoking cessation resource list: Participants will have access to a list of smoking cessation resources
|
|---|---|---|
|
Number of Participants Who Reported no Cigarette Smoking During the Past 7 Days
|
30 Participants
|
35 Participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 4 weeks after the start date of their first QuitBet game (end of game), when they were given the option to join a second gameNumber of participants who chose to play a second QuitBet game
Outcome measures
| Measure |
QuitBet
n=109 Participants
QuitBet is a 28-day quit smoking game delivered via a smartphone app that includes contingency management in the form of a deposit contract, integrated exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO) testing, a social feed on which "players" can post messages, and a "game board" that displays players' status (i.e., progress toward "winning"). A game host will post educational information about smoking cessation and moderate participant discussions. Participants will deposit ("bet") $30 of their own money at the start of the game. Participants who submit a CO test that is under 7ppm (indicating no smoking) on at least 24 of the 26 days between day 3-28 will be declared winners and split the total pot of deposits. All participants who submit at least 21 CO tests, regardless of result, will be entered into a raffle to win a $75 prize.
|
QuitBet-NS (no Social Elements)
n=136 Participants
QuitBet-NS will include the deposit contract and integrated CO testing with identical rules to QuitBet for being a winner, the $75 raffle for submitting at least 21 CO tests, a display of the participant's daily CO test results that is updated in real time, and a game feed on which only the game host has the ability to post. Players will not be able to post on this feed or respond to the host's posts. At the beginning of the game, the host will post limited information, including a list of smoking cessation resources. QuitBet-NS will NOT include the social feed, leaderboard, or any other social features.
contingency management (deposit contract): Participants will deposit $30 of their own money to play QuitBet. Participants will submit a CO test once per day between the hours of noon and 11:59pm. Participants whose CO test is 6ppm or lower (indicating no smoking) on at least 24 of 26 days between day 3-28 of the game will be declared winners and split the pot of deposited money. Participants who submit at least 21 CO tests, regardless of the result, will be entered into a raffle to win a prize worth $75.
smoking cessation resource list: Participants will have access to a list of smoking cessation resources
|
|---|---|---|
|
Number of Participants Who Choose to Play a Second Game
|
19 Participants
|
34 Participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 months after the start of their first QuitBet gameAt 6 month follow up, the number of cigarettes the participant reported smoking during the previous 7 days (survey respondents only). In the 6 month follow-up survey, participants were first asked "Have you smoked a cigarette, even just a puff, during the past 7 days?" (yes/no answer choice). Participants who answered "no" were counted as smoking 0 cigarettes in this analysis. Participants who answered "yes" were then asked to report how many cigarettes they smoked on each day during the past week (day 1 being this day last week, day 2, day 3, day 4, day 5, day 6, day 7 being yesterday). The average of the 7 days was used in this analysis.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
QuitBet
n=51 Participants
QuitBet is a 28-day quit smoking game delivered via a smartphone app that includes contingency management in the form of a deposit contract, integrated exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO) testing, a social feed on which "players" can post messages, and a "game board" that displays players' status (i.e., progress toward "winning"). A game host will post educational information about smoking cessation and moderate participant discussions. Participants will deposit ("bet") $30 of their own money at the start of the game. Participants who submit a CO test that is under 7ppm (indicating no smoking) on at least 24 of the 26 days between day 3-28 will be declared winners and split the total pot of deposits. All participants who submit at least 21 CO tests, regardless of result, will be entered into a raffle to win a $75 prize.
|
QuitBet-NS (no Social Elements)
n=74 Participants
QuitBet-NS will include the deposit contract and integrated CO testing with identical rules to QuitBet for being a winner, the $75 raffle for submitting at least 21 CO tests, a display of the participant's daily CO test results that is updated in real time, and a game feed on which only the game host has the ability to post. Players will not be able to post on this feed or respond to the host's posts. At the beginning of the game, the host will post limited information, including a list of smoking cessation resources. QuitBet-NS will NOT include the social feed, leaderboard, or any other social features.
contingency management (deposit contract): Participants will deposit $30 of their own money to play QuitBet. Participants will submit a CO test once per day between the hours of noon and 11:59pm. Participants whose CO test is 6ppm or lower (indicating no smoking) on at least 24 of 26 days between day 3-28 of the game will be declared winners and split the pot of deposited money. Participants who submit at least 21 CO tests, regardless of the result, will be entered into a raffle to win a prize worth $75.
smoking cessation resource list: Participants will have access to a list of smoking cessation resources
|
|---|---|---|
|
Cigarettes Per Day During the Past 7 Days
|
4.15 Cigarettes smoked in the past 7 days
Standard Deviation 6.63
|
3.25 Cigarettes smoked in the past 7 days
Standard Deviation 5.93
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 month period beginning with the start of their first QuitBet gameNumber of participants who reported use of any smoking cessation medication (including any form of nicotine replacement therapy, buproprion, or varencline) at any time during their participation in the study, from the start of their first QuitBet game until the last follow-up 6 months later
Outcome measures
| Measure |
QuitBet
n=109 Participants
QuitBet is a 28-day quit smoking game delivered via a smartphone app that includes contingency management in the form of a deposit contract, integrated exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO) testing, a social feed on which "players" can post messages, and a "game board" that displays players' status (i.e., progress toward "winning"). A game host will post educational information about smoking cessation and moderate participant discussions. Participants will deposit ("bet") $30 of their own money at the start of the game. Participants who submit a CO test that is under 7ppm (indicating no smoking) on at least 24 of the 26 days between day 3-28 will be declared winners and split the total pot of deposits. All participants who submit at least 21 CO tests, regardless of result, will be entered into a raffle to win a $75 prize.
|
QuitBet-NS (no Social Elements)
n=134 Participants
QuitBet-NS will include the deposit contract and integrated CO testing with identical rules to QuitBet for being a winner, the $75 raffle for submitting at least 21 CO tests, a display of the participant's daily CO test results that is updated in real time, and a game feed on which only the game host has the ability to post. Players will not be able to post on this feed or respond to the host's posts. At the beginning of the game, the host will post limited information, including a list of smoking cessation resources. QuitBet-NS will NOT include the social feed, leaderboard, or any other social features.
contingency management (deposit contract): Participants will deposit $30 of their own money to play QuitBet. Participants will submit a CO test once per day between the hours of noon and 11:59pm. Participants whose CO test is 6ppm or lower (indicating no smoking) on at least 24 of 26 days between day 3-28 of the game will be declared winners and split the pot of deposited money. Participants who submit at least 21 CO tests, regardless of the result, will be entered into a raffle to win a prize worth $75.
smoking cessation resource list: Participants will have access to a list of smoking cessation resources
|
|---|---|---|
|
Number of Participants Who Used Smoking Cessation Medication
|
35 Participants
|
44 Participants
|
Adverse Events
QuitBet
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
QuitBet-NS (no Social Elements)
Serious events: 1 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
| Measure |
QuitBet
n=109 participants at risk
QuitBet is a 28-day quit smoking game delivered via a smartphone app that includes contingency management in the form of a deposit contract, integrated exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO) testing, a social feed on which "players" can post messages, and a "game board" that displays players' status (i.e., progress toward "winning"). A game host will post educational information about smoking cessation and moderate participant discussions. Participants will deposit ("bet") $30 of their own money at the start of the game. Participants who submit a CO test that is under 7ppm (indicating no smoking) on at least 24 of the 26 days between day 3-28 will be declared winners and split the total pot of deposits. All participants who submit at least 21 CO tests, regardless of result, will be entered into a raffle to win a $75 prize.
|
QuitBet-NS (no Social Elements)
n=136 participants at risk
QuitBet-NS will include the deposit contract and integrated CO testing with identical rules to QuitBet for being a winner, the $75 raffle for submitting at least 21 CO tests, a display of the participant's daily CO test results that is updated in real time, and a game feed on which only the game host has the ability to post. Players will not be able to post on this feed or respond to the host's posts. At the beginning of the game, the host will post limited information, including a list of smoking cessation resources. QuitBet-NS will NOT include the social feed, leaderboard, or any other social features.
contingency management (deposit contract): Participants will deposit $30 of their own money to play QuitBet. Participants will submit a CO test once per day between the hours of noon and 11:59pm. Participants whose CO test is 6ppm or lower (indicating no smoking) on at least 24 of 26 days between day 3-28 of the game will be declared winners and split the pot of deposited money. Participants who submit at least 21 CO tests, regardless of the result, will be entered into a raffle to win a prize worth $75.
smoking cessation resource list: Participants will have access to a list of smoking cessation resources
|
|---|---|---|
|
Surgical and medical procedures
hospitalization
|
0.00%
0/109 • From enrollment until the end of follow-up (6 months)
We did not anticipate any deaths, serious adverse events, or other adverse events in this study. No deaths occurred to our knowledge and no participants reported any adverse events attributable to the study intervention.
|
0.74%
1/136 • From enrollment until the end of follow-up (6 months)
We did not anticipate any deaths, serious adverse events, or other adverse events in this study. No deaths occurred to our knowledge and no participants reported any adverse events attributable to the study intervention.
|
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place