Trial Outcomes & Findings for Acupuncture in the Emergency Department for Pain Management (NCT NCT04880733)

Last Updated: 2026-01-05

Results Overview

The recruitment rate (# enrolled / # approached) were assessed for the overall study. Separate recruitment rates were calculated by site.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

Target enrollment

290 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

At Enrollment

Results posted on

2026-01-05

Participant Flow

Recruitment period: May 3, 2021 - September 24, 2022 from three Emergency Departments

At the moment of consent,165 patients were randomized to group. However, 14 (7 per group) did not provide outcomes as detailed below. Complete participants were 151 at Post-Treatment. A sample of ED providers at the sites answered 2 questions on the appropriateness and helpfulness of acupuncture being provided in the Emergency Department. Individuals with direct exposure to ACUITY answered 2 more questions on satisfaction and burden of conducting ACUITY in their ED.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Acupuncture This arm will receive acupuncture for pain management, and any pain medications will be delayed until after receipt of acupuncture. Acupuncture for pain management: A manualized acupuncture protocol will be performed by a licensed acupuncturist in the patient's emergency department room. Usual care for pain management: Patient will receive usual care for pain management.	Usual Care This arm will receive usual care for pain management. Usual care for pain management: Patient will receive usual care for pain management.	ED Staff/Providers These were ED staff or providers who answered questions after their site had finished study recruitment.
Participants in the RCT (Overall Study) STARTED	83	82	0
Participants in the RCT (Overall Study) Received Acupuncture	79	0	0
Participants in the RCT (Overall Study) Received Usual Care	0	82	0
Participants in the RCT (Overall Study) COMPLETED	76	75	0
Participants in the RCT (Overall Study) NOT COMPLETED	7	7	0
ED Staff/Providers 6 Month Assessment STARTED	0	0	125
ED Staff/Providers 6 Month Assessment Completed Question 1	0	0	125
ED Staff/Providers 6 Month Assessment Completed Question 2	0	0	124
ED Staff/Providers 6 Month Assessment Completed Question 3	0	0	32
ED Staff/Providers 6 Month Assessment Completed Question 4	0	0	32
ED Staff/Providers 6 Month Assessment COMPLETED	0	0	124
ED Staff/Providers 6 Month Assessment NOT COMPLETED	0	0	1

Reasons for withdrawal

Reasons for withdrawal
Measure	Acupuncture This arm will receive acupuncture for pain management, and any pain medications will be delayed until after receipt of acupuncture. Acupuncture for pain management: A manualized acupuncture protocol will be performed by a licensed acupuncturist in the patient's emergency department room. Usual care for pain management: Patient will receive usual care for pain management.	Usual Care This arm will receive usual care for pain management. Usual care for pain management: Patient will receive usual care for pain management.	ED Staff/Providers These were ED staff or providers who answered questions after their site had finished study recruitment.
Participants in the RCT (Overall Study) Data collection issue	3	5	0
Participants in the RCT (Overall Study) Withdrawal by Subject	3	1	0
Participants in the RCT (Overall Study) Delay due to ED imaging	1	0	0
Participants in the RCT (Overall Study) Early discharge	0	1	0
ED Staff/Providers 6 Month Assessment Skipped question 2	0	0	1

Baseline Characteristics

Ethnicity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm

Baseline characteristics by cohort

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: At Enrollment

Population: Patients who were eligible AND approached.

The recruitment rate (# enrolled / # approached) were assessed for the overall study. Separate recruitment rates were calculated by site.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Total Approached n=632 Participants Total approached across all 3 sites	University Hospitals/Case Western n=220 Participants Patients approached at University Hospitals/Case Western	VUMC n=300 Participants Patients approached at VUMC	UCSD n=112 Participants Patients approached at UCSD
Successful Recruitment of Participants Into the Study.	26.1 Percentage of participants enrolled	27.7 Percentage of participants enrolled	16.3 Percentage of participants enrolled	49.1 Percentage of participants enrolled

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At post treatment (45-60 minutes)

Population: Participants who enrolled

Retained patients will be defined as those providing patient reported outcomes scores (e.g., pain, anxiety) at post-treatment. Separate retention rates (# retained / # enrolled) will be assessed overall and by site.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Total Approached n=165 Participants Total approached across all 3 sites	University Hospitals/Case Western n=61 Participants Patients approached at University Hospitals/Case Western	VUMC n=49 Participants Patients approached at VUMC	UCSD n=55 Participants Patients approached at UCSD
Percentage of Participants Retained in the Study at Post Treatment	91.5 percentage of patients retained at post	98.4 percentage of patients retained at post	95.5 percentage of patients retained at post	80 percentage of patients retained at post

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: One-week after the participant was discharged from the ED

Population: Participants who enrolled

Retained patients will be defined as those providing patient reported outcomes scores at 1 week. Separate retention rates (# retained / # enrolled) will be assessed overall and by site.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Total Approached n=165 Participants Total approached across all 3 sites	University Hospitals/Case Western n=61 Participants Patients approached at University Hospitals/Case Western	VUMC n=49 Participants Patients approached at VUMC	UCSD n=55 Participants Patients approached at UCSD
Percentage of Patients Retained at 1-week Follow up	77.6 percentage of patients retained at 1-wk	82.0 percentage of patients retained at 1-wk	81.6 percentage of patients retained at 1-wk	69.1 percentage of patients retained at 1-wk

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At post-treatment (45-60 minutes after baseline)

Population: Participants who has Post-treatment scores and answered satisfaction question 1 at post-treatment

Question 1: "How satisfied are you with how your pain was managed during your ED visit" on the 5-point Likert scale (1-Very Satisfied; 2-Satisfied; 3-Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied; 4-Dissatisfied; 5-Strongly Dissatisfied).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Total Approached n=140 Participants Total approached across all 3 sites	University Hospitals/Case Western n=69 Participants Patients approached at University Hospitals/Case Western	VUMC n=71 Participants Patients approached at VUMC	UCSD Patients approached at UCSD
Patient Satisfaction Question 1 at Post-treatment	3.91 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.23	4.36 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.06	3.46 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.23	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At post-treatment (45-60 minutes after baseline)

Population: Participants who has Post-treatment scores and answered satisfaction question 2 at post-treatment

"Overall how satisfied are you with your treatment during your ED visit?" on the 5-point Likert scale (1-Very Satisfied; 2-Satisfied; 3-Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied; 4-Dissatisfied; 5-Strongly Dissatisfied).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Total Approached n=139 Participants Total approached across all 3 sites	University Hospitals/Case Western n=68 Participants Patients approached at University Hospitals/Case Western	VUMC n=71 Participants Patients approached at VUMC	UCSD Patients approached at UCSD
Patient Satisfaction Question 2 at Post-treatment	4.13 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.12	4.57 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.78	3.70 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.22	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: One week after participant was discharged from the ED

Population: Participants who has Post-treatment scores and answered satisfaction question 1 at 1-week FU

"How satisfied are you with how your pain was managed during your ED visit" on the 5-point Likert scale (1-Very Satisfied; 2-Satisfied; 3-Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied; 4-Dissatisfied; 5-Strongly Dissatisfied).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Total Approached n=133 Participants Total approached across all 3 sites	University Hospitals/Case Western n=69 Participants Patients approached at University Hospitals/Case Western	VUMC n=64 Participants Patients approached at VUMC	UCSD Patients approached at UCSD
Patient Satisfaction Question 1 at 1-Week	3.95 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.27	4.16 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.21	3.73 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.30	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: One week after participant was discharged from the ED

Population: Participants who has Post-treatment scores and answered satisfaction question 2 at 1-week FU

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Total Approached n=134 Participants Total approached across all 3 sites	University Hospitals/Case Western n=70 Participants Patients approached at University Hospitals/Case Western	VUMC n=64 Participants Patients approached at VUMC	UCSD Patients approached at UCSD
Patient Satisfaction Question 2 at 1 Week	3.98 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.23	4.19 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.16	3.75 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.27	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: After enrollment at the provider's site completed (~6 months after first enrollee).

Population: Providers who responded to the survey after their site completed enrollment.

"Do you view acupuncture in general as an appropriate intervention for the ED setting?" on a 5 point scale (0: Very inappropriate; 1: Inappropriate; 2: Neutral; 4: Appropriate; 4: Very appropriate). Higher scores are better.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Total Approached n=125 Participants Total approached across all 3 sites	University Hospitals/Case Western Patients approached at University Hospitals/Case Western	VUMC Patients approached at VUMC	UCSD Patients approached at UCSD
Provider Satisfaction Question1	2.19 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.07	—	—	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: After enrollment at the provider's site completed (~6 months after first enrollee).

Population: Providers who responded to the survey.

"Do you view acupuncture in general as helpful in managing patient pain in the ED?" on a 5 point scale (0: Not at all helpful; 1: Somewhat Unhelpful; 2: Neutral; 3: Somewhat Helpful; 4: Very Helpful). Higher scores are better.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Total Approached n=124 Participants Total approached across all 3 sites	University Hospitals/Case Western Patients approached at University Hospitals/Case Western	VUMC Patients approached at VUMC	UCSD Patients approached at UCSD
Provider Satisfaction Question 2	2.50 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.11	—	—	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: After enrollment at the provider's site completed (~6 months after first enrollee).

Population: Providers who responded to the survey and were exposed to ACUITY

"How satisfied are you with the way that the acupuncture intervention was implemented in your setting" on the 5-point Likert scale (4-Very Satisfied; 3-Satisfied; 2-Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied; 1-Dissatisfied; 0-Very Dissatisfied). Higher scores are better

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Total Approached n=32 Participants Total approached across all 3 sites	University Hospitals/Case Western Patients approached at University Hospitals/Case Western	VUMC Patients approached at VUMC	UCSD Patients approached at UCSD
Provider Satisfaction Question 3	3.03 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.90	—	—	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: After enrollment at the provider's site completed (~6 months after first enrollee).

Population: Providers who responded to the survey and were exposed to ACUITY

"Did the ACUITY project impose a burden on ED staff in your setting?" on the 4-point Likert scale (0-Not at all a burden; 1-Somewhat of a burden; 2-Moderate burden 3-Extreme burden). Lower scores are better

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Total Approached n=32 Participants Total approached across all 3 sites	University Hospitals/Case Western Patients approached at University Hospitals/Case Western	VUMC Patients approached at VUMC	UCSD Patients approached at UCSD
Provider Satisfaction Que4	0.38 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.66	—	—	—

Adverse Events

Acupuncture

Serious events: 1 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 1 deaths

Usual Care

Serious events: 1 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

ED Staff/Providers

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Serious adverse events
Measure	Acupuncture n=83 participants at risk This arm will receive acupuncture for pain management, and any pain medications will be delayed until after receipt of acupuncture. Acupuncture for pain management: A manualized acupuncture protocol will be performed by a licensed acupuncturist in the patient's emergency department room. Usual care for pain management: Patient will receive usual care for pain management.	Usual Care n=82 participants at risk This arm will receive usual care for pain management. Usual care for pain management: Patient will receive usual care for pain management.	ED Staff/Providers n=125 participants at risk ED Staff and Providers were asked complete 2 questions about their perceptions of acupuncture in the ED. If the ED staff or providers had direct contact with the ACUITY study in their ED, then they were asked to complete 2 additional questions inquiring about how ACUITY may have impacted the ED.
Vascular disorders Death	1.2% 1/83 • Number of events 1 • Any adverse event from baseline to 4 weeks for the Acupuncture and Usual Care Arms, approximately 6 months for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	0.00% 0/82 • Any adverse event from baseline to 4 weeks for the Acupuncture and Usual Care Arms, approximately 6 months for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	0.00% 0/125 • Any adverse event from baseline to 4 weeks for the Acupuncture and Usual Care Arms, approximately 6 months for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Vascular disorders Hospitalization for Suspected Stroke	0.00% 0/83 • Any adverse event from baseline to 4 weeks for the Acupuncture and Usual Care Arms, approximately 6 months for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	1.2% 1/82 • Number of events 1 • Any adverse event from baseline to 4 weeks for the Acupuncture and Usual Care Arms, approximately 6 months for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	0.00% 0/125 • Any adverse event from baseline to 4 weeks for the Acupuncture and Usual Care Arms, approximately 6 months for the ED Staff/Providers Arm

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Jeffery Dusek

University California-Irvine

Phone: 617-519-8082

Email: [email protected]

Results disclosure agreements

Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
Publication restrictions are in place

Measure	Acupuncture n=76 Participants This arm will receive acupuncture for pain management, and any pain medications will be delayed until after receipt of acupuncture. Acupuncture for pain management: A manualized acupuncture protocol will be performed by a licensed acupuncturist in the patient's emergency department room. Usual care for pain management: Patient will receive usual care for pain management.	Usual Care n=75 Participants This arm will receive usual care for pain management. Usual care for pain management: Patient will receive usual care for pain management.	ED Staff/Providers n=125 Participants ED Staff and Providers were asked complete 2 questions about their perceptions of acupuncture in the ED. If the ED staff or providers had direct contact with the ACUITY study in their ED, then they were asked to complete 2 additional questions inquiring about how ACUITY may have impacted the ED.	Total n=276 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	44.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.9 • n=76 Participants	43.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.4 • n=75 Participants	37.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.35 • n=125 Participants	44.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.1 • n=276 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	39 Participants n=76 Participants	47 Participants n=75 Participants	65 Participants n=125 Participants	151 Participants n=276 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	37 Participants n=76 Participants	28 Participants n=75 Participants	60 Participants n=125 Participants	125 Participants n=276 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	9 Participants n=76 Participants • Ethnicity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	11 Participants n=75 Participants • Ethnicity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	0 Participants Ethnicity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	20 Participants n=151 Participants • Ethnicity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	67 Participants n=76 Participants • Ethnicity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	64 Participants n=75 Participants • Ethnicity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	0 Participants Ethnicity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	131 Participants n=151 Participants • Ethnicity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=76 Participants • Ethnicity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	0 Participants n=75 Participants • Ethnicity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	0 Participants Ethnicity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	0 Participants n=151 Participants • Ethnicity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Race/Ethnicity, Customized White	37 individuals n=76 Participants • Race/Ethnicity, Customized data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	28 individuals n=75 Participants • Race/Ethnicity, Customized data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	65 individuals n=151 Participants • Race/Ethnicity, Customized data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black/AA	34 individuals n=76 Participants • Race/Ethnicity, Customized data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	33 individuals n=75 Participants • Race/Ethnicity, Customized data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	67 individuals n=151 Participants • Race/Ethnicity, Customized data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Other	5 individuals n=76 Participants • Race/Ethnicity, Customized data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	14 individuals n=75 Participants • Race/Ethnicity, Customized data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	19 individuals n=151 Participants • Race/Ethnicity, Customized data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Education No high school diploma	1 Participants n=76 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	4 Participants n=75 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	5 Participants n=151 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Education High school or equivalent	26 Participants n=76 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	23 Participants n=75 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	49 Participants n=151 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Education Some college	26 Participants n=76 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	28 Participants n=75 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	54 Participants n=151 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Education College degree	17 Participants n=76 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	17 Participants n=75 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	34 Participants n=151 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Education Graduate or professional degree	5 Participants n=76 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	3 Participants n=75 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	8 Participants n=151 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Education Decline to answer	1 Participants n=76 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	0 Participants n=75 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	1 Participants n=151 Participants • Education data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Income Less than $20,000	22 Participants n=76 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	27 Participants n=75 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	49 Participants n=151 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Income $20,000 - $50,000	21 Participants n=76 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	23 Participants n=75 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	44 Participants n=151 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Income $50,001 to $100,000	9 Participants n=76 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	6 Participants n=75 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	15 Participants n=151 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Income $100,001 to $150,000	4 Participants n=76 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	4 Participants n=75 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	8 Participants n=151 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Income More than $150,000	3 Participants n=76 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	4 Participants n=75 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	7 Participants n=151 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Income Decline to answer	17 Participants n=76 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	11 Participants n=75 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	28 Participants n=151 Participants • Income data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Insurance Medicare	25 Participants n=76 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	19 Participants n=75 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	44 Participants n=151 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Insurance Medicaid	16 Participants n=76 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	23 Participants n=75 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	39 Participants n=151 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Insurance Private insurance	32 Participants n=76 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	23 Participants n=75 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	55 Participants n=151 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Insurance No insurance	2 Participants n=76 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	6 Participants n=75 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	8 Participants n=151 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Insurance Decline to answer	1 Participants n=76 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	4 Participants n=75 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	5 Participants n=151 Participants • Insurance data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Location of Pain Abdomen	14 Participants n=76 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	14 Participants n=75 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	28 Participants n=151 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Location of Pain Head	7 Participants n=76 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	6 Participants n=75 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	13 Participants n=151 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Location of Pain Flank	3 Participants n=76 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	2 Participants n=75 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	5 Participants n=151 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Location of Pain Chest	2 Participants n=76 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	2 Participants n=75 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	4 Participants n=151 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Location of Pain Back	25 Participants n=76 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	27 Participants n=75 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	52 Participants n=151 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Location of Pain Extremity	16 Participants n=76 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	22 Participants n=75 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	38 Participants n=151 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Location of Pain Neck	1 Participants n=76 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	0 Participants n=75 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	1 Participants n=151 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Location of Pain Multiple	6 Participants n=76 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	1 Participants n=75 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	7 Participants n=151 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Location of Pain Other	2 Participants n=76 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	1 Participants n=75 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	3 Participants n=151 Participants • Location of Pain data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Prior Acupuncture	19 Participants n=76 Participants • Prior Acupuncture data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	17 Participants n=75 Participants • Prior Acupuncture data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	36 Participants n=151 Participants • Prior Acupuncture data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Pain Intensity	7.4 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.2 • n=76 Participants • Pain Intensity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	7.1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.3 • n=75 Participants • Pain Intensity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	7.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.2 • n=151 Participants • Pain Intensity data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm
Anxiety- acute	4.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.4 • n=76 Participants • Anxiety- acute data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	4.1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.4 • n=75 Participants • Anxiety- acute data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm	—	4.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.4 • n=151 Participants • Anxiety- acute data not collected for the ED Staff/Providers Arm