The Together on Diabetes Intervention - a Realist Evaluation

Summary

The Danish healthcare system is universal and free of charge for Danish citizens, as all healthcare services are financed by general taxes. However, socioeconomic differences exist in access to healthcare services, treatment, and consequences of type 2-diabetes (T2D).

Using a realistic evaluation approach, this study aimed to evaluate the implementation of a Danish peer support intervention, targeted on improving self-management and use of healthcare services among socially vulnerable people with type 2-diabetes ("peers"). The study focused on the mechanisms generating the intended outcomes. Further, how contextual factors in peers' everyday life facilitated or hindered the mechanisms to operate.

The study design is a multi-method case study (n=9). Data include qualitative semi-structured interviews with four key groups of informants (peer, peer supporter, project manager, and a diabetes nurse). Each type of informant per case was interviewed (n=25) to obtain different perspectives of how the peers' interacted, and benefited from the intervention. All interviews were completed immediately after the after the 6-month intervention.

Further, a quantitative survey was conducted among peers at baseline (N=9) and follow-up (N=9) to obtain information about how peers' individual contextual factors, such as their sociodemographic characteristics, co-morbidity, diabetes complications, social relations, and other life events influenced how they perceived and interacted in the intervention. Further, to measure improvements in their diabetes-self management (DSM) and use of healthcare services (outcomes). Questions from the Danish National Health Survey were used to measure DSM: (eating habits, physical activity,and medication intake). Use of healthcare services was measured by the number of times (during a 12-month period) the peers' attended diabetes controls at the GP; food therapist, and ophthalmologist or had other form of contacts with relevant health care services.

All data were collected between February 2018 and April 2020.

Hypothesis: 6-month individual face-to-face peer support provided by non-professional persons with T2D can improve self-management and use of healthcare services among socially vulnerable people with T2D if contextual factors such as peers' sociodemographic characteristics, health condition, and social relations facilitate their engagement in the intervention. Potential mechanisms that generate the expected outcomes might be: peers' motivation, trust, perceived beliefs and needs; and experience of being supported by the peer supporters.

Conditions

• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
• Health Behavior
• Delivery of Health Care

Interventions

BEHAVIORAL

Together on Diabetes

Social and emotional support'; 'Assistance in daily management'; and 'Linkage to healthcare services'

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Novo Nordisk A/S

  collaborator INDUSTRY

• Innovation Fund Denmark

  collaborator INDIV

• University of Copenhagen

  collaborator OTHER

• The Danish Diabetes Association

  collaborator OTHER

• Center for Diabetes, Copenhagen Municipality

  lead OTHER_GOV

Study Design

Allocation

NA

Purpose

SUPPORTIVE_CARE

Masking

NONE

Model

SINGLE_GROUP

Eligibility

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

No

Timeline & Regulatory

Start

2017-12-01

Primary Completion

2020-05-01

Completion

2020-05-01