Trial Outcomes & Findings for Substituting Sitting With Standing and Walking in Free-living Conditions Improves Daily Glucose Profile in South Asians (NCT NCT04645875)
NCT ID: NCT04645875
Last Updated: 2026-03-24
Results Overview
Net incremental area under the curve (iAUC), calculated by subtracting waking glucose concentration for each day from the total AUC. Waking hours were identified individually for each participant from activPAL data and then normalised to a 16 h day. Each of these variables was calculated as the mean of valid days within each regimen. A minimum of one valid day that coincided with both FGM and activPAL data was required in each experimental regimen for inclusion in the analysis.
COMPLETED
NA
18 participants
Mean net incremental area under the curve for waking hours (16 h) interstitial glucose concentration per day for 4 valid days during each intervention
2026-03-24
Participant Flow
A total of 18 Overweight/obese South Asians (BMI\>23.0 kg/m\^2) aged between 18 and 75 years and able to walk were recruited; data collection was performed between November 2020 and July 2021.
Three days washout period. Exclusion criteria: known heart disease, diabetes, bloodborne diseases (e.g., HIV), liver disease, renal failure, pregnancy, recent or current smoker, taking any glucose or lipid-lowering medication, allergies to the test meals, other health issues (psychological or neurological disorders), and any other injuries that might limit the ability to perform light- intensity exercise.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
SIT Regimen, Then SITless Regimen
Firstly, participants perfomed the SIT regimen (4 days) where they were instructed to restrict walking to ≤1 h/day and standing to ≤1 h/day during their waking day. Participants were allowed to perform their daily activities, including cooking and other household activities, within the 2-h of permitted walking and standing. After a washout period of 3 days, they then performed the SITless regimen (4 days).
SITless regimen: See SITless regimen arm description
|
SITless Regimen, Then SIT Regimen
Firstly, participants performed the SITLess regimen (4 days) where they were instructed to substitute a minimum of 5-h/day sitting with ≥3-h of standing and ≥2-h of self-perceived LPA in addition to interrupting their sitting for 2-5-min every 30-min. A list of activities (including walking at a slow pace, walking on the spot, jumping up and down, and standing) was provided as examples of activities that particpants could perform during this regimen. After a washout period of 3 days, they then performed the SIT regimen (4 days).
SIT regimen: See SIT regimen arm description
|
|---|---|---|
|
First Intervention (4 days)
STARTED
|
9
|
9
|
|
First Intervention (4 days)
COMPLETED
|
9
|
9
|
|
First Intervention (4 days)
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
|
Washout (3 days)
STARTED
|
9
|
9
|
|
Washout (3 days)
COMPLETED
|
9
|
9
|
|
Washout (3 days)
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
|
Second Intervention (4 days)
STARTED
|
9
|
9
|
|
Second Intervention (4 days)
COMPLETED
|
7
|
7
|
|
Second Intervention (4 days)
NOT COMPLETED
|
2
|
2
|
Reasons for withdrawal
| Measure |
SIT Regimen, Then SITless Regimen
Firstly, participants perfomed the SIT regimen (4 days) where they were instructed to restrict walking to ≤1 h/day and standing to ≤1 h/day during their waking day. Participants were allowed to perform their daily activities, including cooking and other household activities, within the 2-h of permitted walking and standing. After a washout period of 3 days, they then performed the SITless regimen (4 days).
SITless regimen: See SITless regimen arm description
|
SITless Regimen, Then SIT Regimen
Firstly, participants performed the SITLess regimen (4 days) where they were instructed to substitute a minimum of 5-h/day sitting with ≥3-h of standing and ≥2-h of self-perceived LPA in addition to interrupting their sitting for 2-5-min every 30-min. A list of activities (including walking at a slow pace, walking on the spot, jumping up and down, and standing) was provided as examples of activities that particpants could perform during this regimen. After a washout period of 3 days, they then performed the SIT regimen (4 days).
SIT regimen: See SIT regimen arm description
|
|---|---|---|
|
Second Intervention (4 days)
Testing positive for COVID-19
|
2
|
2
|
Baseline Characteristics
Substituting Sitting With Standing and Walking in Free-living Conditions Improves Daily Glucose Profile in South Asians
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
All Study Participants
n=18 Participants
All participants were randomised to receive all interventions, including the SIT and SITLess regimen.
SIT regimen: See SIT regimen arm description SITless regimen: See SITless regimen arm description
|
|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
42.1 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.0 • n=138 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
10 Participants
n=138 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
8 Participants
n=138 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
South Asian sub-group · Bangladeshi
|
6 Participants
n=138 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
South Asian sub-group · Indian
|
7 Participants
n=138 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
South Asian sub-group · Pakistani
|
5 Participants
n=138 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United Kingdom
|
18 participants
n=138 Participants
|
|
Body mass index (BMI)
|
27.5 kg/m^2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.8 • n=138 Participants
|
|
Waist circumference (WC)
|
94.9 cm
STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.9 • n=138 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Mean net incremental area under the curve for waking hours (16 h) interstitial glucose concentration per day for 4 valid days during each interventionPopulation: Overweight/obese South Asians
Net incremental area under the curve (iAUC), calculated by subtracting waking glucose concentration for each day from the total AUC. Waking hours were identified individually for each participant from activPAL data and then normalised to a 16 h day. Each of these variables was calculated as the mean of valid days within each regimen. A minimum of one valid day that coincided with both FGM and activPAL data was required in each experimental regimen for inclusion in the analysis.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
SIT Regimen
n=14 Participants
Firstly, participants performed the SIT regimen (4 days) where they were instructed to restrict walking to ≤1 h/day and standing to ≤1 h/day during their waking day. Participants were allowed to perform their daily activities, including cooking and other household activities, within the 2-h of permitted walking and standing. After a washout period of 3 days, they then performed the SITless regimen (4 days).
SITless regimen: See SITLess regimen arm description
|
SITless Regimen
n=14 Participants
Firstly, participants performed the SITLess regimen (4 days) where they were instructed to substitute a minimum of 5-h/day sitting with ≥3-h of standing and ≥2-h of self-perceived LPA in addition to interrupting their sitting for 2-5-min every 30-min. A list of activities (including walking at a slow pace, walking on the spot, jumping up and down, and standing) was provided as examples of activities that particpants could perform during this regimen. After a washout period of 3 days, they then performed the SIT regimen (4 days).
SIT regimen: See SIT regimen arm description
|
|---|---|---|
|
Glycaemia
|
98.5 mmol/L.16 h
Interval 82.7 to 114.4
|
89.4 mmol/L.16 h
Interval 73.5 to 105.2
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Mean total sitting time per day for 4 valid days during each interventionPopulation: Overweight/obese South Asians
Total sitting time was measured 24 h/day during each activity regimen using an activPAL3 activity monitor. ActivPAL3 data were processed using ProcessingPAL software. After an automated estimate of valid data using the valid wear criteria, ProcessingPAL summary outputs variables were produced in a Microsoft Excel sheet. A minimum of one valid day that coincided with both FGM and activPAL data was required in each experimental regimen for inclusion in the analysis.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
SIT Regimen
n=14 Participants
Firstly, participants performed the SIT regimen (4 days) where they were instructed to restrict walking to ≤1 h/day and standing to ≤1 h/day during their waking day. Participants were allowed to perform their daily activities, including cooking and other household activities, within the 2-h of permitted walking and standing. After a washout period of 3 days, they then performed the SITless regimen (4 days).
SITless regimen: See SITLess regimen arm description
|
SITless Regimen
n=14 Participants
Firstly, participants performed the SITLess regimen (4 days) where they were instructed to substitute a minimum of 5-h/day sitting with ≥3-h of standing and ≥2-h of self-perceived LPA in addition to interrupting their sitting for 2-5-min every 30-min. A list of activities (including walking at a slow pace, walking on the spot, jumping up and down, and standing) was provided as examples of activities that particpants could perform during this regimen. After a washout period of 3 days, they then performed the SIT regimen (4 days).
SIT regimen: See SIT regimen arm description
|
|---|---|---|
|
Sitting Time
|
10.6 h/day
Interval 9.5 to 11.7
|
7.0 h/day
Interval 5.9 to 8.1
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Mean standing time per day for 4 valid days during each interventionPopulation: Overweight/obese South Asians
Physical activity patterns was measured 24 h/day during each activity regimen using an activPAL3 activity monitor. ActivPAL3 data was processed using ProcessingPAL software. After an automated estimate of valid data using the valid wear criteria, ProcessingPAL summary outputs variables were produced in a Microsoft Excel sheet. A minimum of one valid day that coincided with both FGM and activPAL data was required in each experimental regimen for inclusion in the analysis.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
SIT Regimen
n=14 Participants
Firstly, participants performed the SIT regimen (4 days) where they were instructed to restrict walking to ≤1 h/day and standing to ≤1 h/day during their waking day. Participants were allowed to perform their daily activities, including cooking and other household activities, within the 2-h of permitted walking and standing. After a washout period of 3 days, they then performed the SITless regimen (4 days).
SITless regimen: See SITLess regimen arm description
|
SITless Regimen
n=14 Participants
Firstly, participants performed the SITLess regimen (4 days) where they were instructed to substitute a minimum of 5-h/day sitting with ≥3-h of standing and ≥2-h of self-perceived LPA in addition to interrupting their sitting for 2-5-min every 30-min. A list of activities (including walking at a slow pace, walking on the spot, jumping up and down, and standing) was provided as examples of activities that particpants could perform during this regimen. After a washout period of 3 days, they then performed the SIT regimen (4 days).
SIT regimen: See SIT regimen arm description
|
|---|---|---|
|
Standing Time
|
3.8 h/day
Interval 2.8 to 4.8
|
5.7 h/day
Interval 4.8 to 6.7
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Mean total stepping time per day for 4 valid days during each interventionPopulation: Overweight/obese South Asians
Physical activity patterns were measured 24 h/day during each activity regimen using an activPAL3 activity monitor. ActivPAL3 data were processed using ProcessingPAL software. After an automated estimate of valid data using the valid wear criteria, ProcessingPAL summary outputs variables were produced in a Microsoft Excel sheet. A minimum of one valid day that coincided with both FGM and activPAL data was required in each experimental regimen for inclusion in the analysis.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
SIT Regimen
n=14 Participants
Firstly, participants performed the SIT regimen (4 days) where they were instructed to restrict walking to ≤1 h/day and standing to ≤1 h/day during their waking day. Participants were allowed to perform their daily activities, including cooking and other household activities, within the 2-h of permitted walking and standing. After a washout period of 3 days, they then performed the SITless regimen (4 days).
SITless regimen: See SITLess regimen arm description
|
SITless Regimen
n=14 Participants
Firstly, participants performed the SITLess regimen (4 days) where they were instructed to substitute a minimum of 5-h/day sitting with ≥3-h of standing and ≥2-h of self-perceived LPA in addition to interrupting their sitting for 2-5-min every 30-min. A list of activities (including walking at a slow pace, walking on the spot, jumping up and down, and standing) was provided as examples of activities that particpants could perform during this regimen. After a washout period of 3 days, they then performed the SIT regimen (4 days).
SIT regimen: See SIT regimen arm description
|
|---|---|---|
|
Total Stepping Time
|
1.2 h/day
Interval 0.8 to 1.5
|
2.8 h/day
Interval 2.4 to 3.1
|
Adverse Events
SIT Regimen
SITless Regimen
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place