Trial Outcomes & Findings for Impact of COVID-19 on Marshallese Communities in the U.S. (NCT NCT04474496)

NCT ID: NCT04474496

Last Updated: 2021-04-05

Results Overview

Participants will report behaviors they regularly engage in to lessen their risk of contracting COVID-19 (e.g., social distancing, wearing a mask, etc.). Participants were asked "Which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? (Select all that apply)"

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Target enrollment

120 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

Baseline

Results posted on

2021-04-05

Participant Flow

Recruitment was open from July 27, 2020 to November 30, 2020. The study was advertised by posting informational flyers on social media. Flyers contained a link to the study information sheet and survey.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Overall Study
STARTED
120
Overall Study
COMPLETED
120
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
0

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Impact of COVID-19 on Marshallese Communities in the U.S.

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=120 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Age, Continuous
35.5 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.8 • n=99 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Female
77 Participants
n=99 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Male
43 Participants
n=99 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
0 Participants
n=99 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
0 Participants
n=99 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
120 Participants
n=99 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
0 Participants
n=99 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
0 Participants
n=99 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
0 Participants
n=99 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
0 Participants
n=99 Participants
Region of Enrollment
United States
120 participants
n=99 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: N=117 due to missing data on this item for three participants.

Participants will report behaviors they regularly engage in to lessen their risk of contracting COVID-19 (e.g., social distancing, wearing a mask, etc.). Participants were asked "Which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from COVID-19? (Select all that apply)"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=117 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Hand washing for at least 20 seconds
114 Participants
Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Avoiding touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands
112 Participants
Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Use disinfectants to clean hands when soap and water not available for washing hands
114 Participants
Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Staying home when you are sick or when you have a cold
109 Participants
Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Asked family members or friends not to visit me
105 Participants
Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Covering your mouth when you cough
113 Participants
Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Wearing a face mask
115 Participants
Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Physical distancing (keeping minimum 6 feet between you and others from outside your household)
113 Participants
Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Staying at home even if you do not feel sick
99 Participants
Personal Preventative Behaviors to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Disinfecting surfaces
114 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants will report specific steps taken by their employers to reduce risk of contracting COVID-19 (e.g., requiring remote work, mask mandates, etc.). Participants were asked to "Please check all of the following your workplace has done since the COVID-19 outbreak (Select all that apply)".

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=120 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Required employees to work remotely or from home
27 Participants
Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Suggested employees work remotely or from home
23 Participants
Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Required employees to wear face masks
73 Participants
Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Suggested employees wear face masks
41 Participants
Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Provided employees with face masks
58 Participants
Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Required social distancing at work
59 Participants
Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Installed barriers / shields to reduce contact between employees and others
31 Participants
Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Taken employee temperatures before entering workplace
61 Participants
Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Asked COVID-19 screening questions of employees before entering workplace
41 Participants
Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
None of these
5 Participants
Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Don't know/Not sure
3 Participants
Workplace Preventative Actions to Decrease Risk of COVID-19 Exposure
Was tested for COVID-19
47 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: N=119 due to missing data on this item for one participant.

Participants will be asked to rate their general health status compared with before the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants were asked "Compared to the time before the COVID-19 outbreak, is your physical health status better, worse, or about the same?"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=119 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Effects of COVID-19 on General Health Status
About the same
74 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on General Health Status
Worse
19 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on General Health Status
Don't know/Not sure
6 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on General Health Status
Better
20 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants will be asked to report ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted access to healthcare (e.g., seeking routine care, getting necessary medications, etc.). Participants were asked "In what ways has the COVID-19 outbreak affected your overall healthcare? (Select all that apply)".

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=120 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services
I did not go to healthcare appointments because of concern about entering my provider's office
20 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services
My healthcare provider canceled appointment
14 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services
My healthcare provider changed to phone or online visits
20 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services
My healthcare provider told me to self-isolate or quarantine
21 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services
None of these apply
53 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Access to Healthcare Services
Don't know/Not sure
5 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: N=119 due to missing data on this item for one participant.

Participants will be asked to compare their current dietary behaviors with before the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants were asked "How do you think your eating habits have changed compared to before the COVID-19 outbreak?"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=119 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Effects of COVID-19 on Dietary Habits
I feel that I am eating more healthy now than before the COVID-19 outbreak
25 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Dietary Habits
I am eating about the same as before the COVID-19 outbreak
41 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Dietary Habits
I feel that I am eating less healthy now than before the COVID-19 outbreak
30 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Dietary Habits
I have not noticed
18 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Dietary Habits
Don't know/Not sure
5 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: N=119 due to missing data on this item for one participant.

After reporting how many times per week they engaged "in at least 30 minutes of physical activity that was not specifically for exercise (total minutes of continuous activity, including walking, yard work, construction work, etc.)", participants were then asked "Is this more, less or about the same as the number of days you participated in at least 30 minutes of physical activity that was not specifically for exercise (total minutes of continuous activity, including walking, yard work, construction work, etc.) in a typical week before the COVID-19 outbreak?"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=119 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Not Specifically for Exercise)
More
27 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Not Specifically for Exercise)
About the same
52 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Not Specifically for Exercise)
Less
35 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Not Specifically for Exercise)
Don't know/Not sure
5 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: N=119 due to missing data on this item for one participant.

After reporting how many times per week they engaged "in at least 30 minutes of a specific exercise session (such as swimming, walking specifically for exercise, biking, etc.)", participants were then asked "Is this more, less or about the same as the number of days you participated in at least 30 minutes of a specific exercise session (such as swimming, walking specifically for exercise, biking etc.) in a typical week before the COVID-19 outbreak?"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=119 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Specifically for Exercise)
Don't know/Not sure
9 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Specifically for Exercise)
More
17 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Specifically for Exercise)
About the same
56 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behaviors (Specifically for Exercise)
Less
37 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: N=119 due to missing data on this item for one participant.

Participants were asked to report changes in weight. Participants were asked "Have you noticed your weight change since the COVID-19 outbreak?"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=119 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Effects of COVID-19 on Weight
I think I weigh about the same
26 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Weight
I have gained weight
34 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Weight
I have lost weight
30 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Weight
I have not noticed
26 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Weight
Don't know/Not sure
3 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: Using survey skip logic, only those participants who selected "yes" to being previously diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were asked this question (n=13).

After reporting their most recent HbA1c reading, participants were then asked "How different was this HbA1c reading from your average HbA1c reading before the COVID-19 outbreak?"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=13 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Effects of COVID-19 on HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin)
Don't know/Not sure
3 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin)
Higher
2 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin)
About the same
5 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin)
Lower
3 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: Using survey skip logic, only those participants who selected "yes" to being previously diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were asked this question (n=13).

Participants with type 2 diabetes were asked to report how the COVID-19 outbreak affected their access to type 2 diabetes supplies (insulin, needles, etc.). Participants were asked "Has the COVID-19 outbreak affected your level of access to the following? (Select all that apply)"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=13 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19
Insulin
2 Participants
Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19
Needles
1 Participants
Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19
Blood glucose meters
1 Participants
Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19
Testing strips
3 Participants
Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19
No issues to report
9 Participants
Barriers to Type 2 Diabetes Management Due to COVID-19
Other diabetes medication
0 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants were asked to report whether they have been screened for COVID-19 and by what method (by phone, online, at work, etc.). Participants were asked "Were you screened for COVID-19? (Select all that apply)".

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=120 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
COVID-19 Screening
Yes, online
7 Participants
COVID-19 Screening
Yes, at a drive-through screening
45 Participants
COVID-19 Screening
Yes, at a healthcare clinic or hospital
32 Participants
COVID-19 Screening
Yes, at work
27 Participants
COVID-19 Screening
No
28 Participants
COVID-19 Screening
Don't know/Not sure
6 Participants
COVID-19 Screening
Yes, by phone
9 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants were asked to report whether they have been tested for COVID-19 and the results of the test. Participants were asked "Have you had the nose swab test for the virus that causes COVID-19? (Mark all that apply)"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=120 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
COVID-19 Testing
No, I never tried to get tested
20 Participants
COVID-19 Testing
No, I tried to get tested but was not able to
1 Participants
COVID-19 Testing
Yes, and I am waiting for the results
6 Participants
COVID-19 Testing
Yes, and I tested negative
54 Participants
COVID-19 Testing
Yes, and I tested positive
33 Participants
COVID-19 Testing
Don't know/Not sure
9 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: N=113 due to missing data on this item for seven participants.

Participants were asked to report whether they would accept a COVID-19 vaccine. Participants were asked "If a vaccine for COVID-19 were available today, what is the likelihood that you would get vaccinated?"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=113 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness/Hesitancy
Extremely likely
39 Participants
COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness/Hesitancy
Somewhat likely
25 Participants
COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness/Hesitancy
Unlikely
8 Participants
COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness/Hesitancy
Very unlikely
9 Participants
COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness/Hesitancy
Don't know/Not sure
32 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: N=117 due to missing data on this item for three participants.

Participants were asked to report which sources of information they trust the most to stay informed about COVID-19. Participants were asked "What resource do you trust most for reliable information about COVID-19?"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=117 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information
Dr. Sheldon Riklon's radio show or Facebook Live videos
14 Participants
Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information
News outlets
4 Participants
Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information
Marshallese Consulate/RMI Ministry of Health
7 Participants
Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information
Your pastor
1 Participants
Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information
Other
1 Participants
Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information
None
1 Participants
Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information
Don't know/Not sure
4 Participants
Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
12 Participants
Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information
Community Clinic
15 Participants
Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information
Another healthcare organization
1 Participants
Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information
US Dept of Health (CDC, NIH, and other federal health agencies)
40 Participants
Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Information
Your state Dept of Health
17 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: N=118 due to missing data on this item for two participants.

Participants were asked how COVID-19 has impacted their housing situation. Participants were asked "Please check all of the following that have happened to you since the COVID-19 outbreak".

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=118 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Effects of COVID-19 on Housing
I have moved into a friend or family member's household
3 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Housing
A friend or family member(s) have moved into my household
12 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Housing
I became homeless (e.g., lived in a shelter, outside, or in a car)
4 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Housing
None of these
98 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Housing
Don't know/Not sure
1 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants were asked how COVID-19 has impacted their employment. Participants were asked "In what ways has the COVID-19 outbreak affected your work? (Select all that apply)".

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=120 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Effects of COVID-19 on Employment
I got a new job
9 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Employment
I reduced my work hours
27 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Employment
I increased my work hours
4 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Employment
My job put me at increased risk of getting COVID-19
23 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Employment
I laid off employees
4 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Employment
None of these apply
27 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Employment
Don't know/Not sure
5 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Employment
I lost my job permanently
12 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Employment
I lost my job temporarily
13 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: N=119 due to missing data on this item for one participant.

Participants were asked how COVID-19 has impacted their income. Participants were asked "As a result of COVID-19, has your family income changed?"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=119 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Effects of COVID-19 on Income
Yes, it increased our income
3 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Income
Yes, it decreased our income
66 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Income
No
43 Participants
Effects of COVID-19 on Income
Don't know/Not sure
7 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants were asked to report their greatest sources of stress from the COVID-19 outbreak (e.g., health concerns, financial concerns, etc.). Participants were asked "What have been your greatest sources of stress from the COVID-19 outbreak? (Select all that apply)"

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Marshallese Adults in the U.S.
n=120 Participants
Marshallese persons 18 years of age or older currently residing in the United States Assessing the impact of COVID-19: Surveying Marshallese adults in the U.S. to determine the impact of COVID-19
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Health concerns
75 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Financial concerns
90 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Impact on family members
75 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Access to food
59 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Access to baby supplies (e.g., formula, diapers, wipes)
24 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Access to personal care products or household supplies
43 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Access to medical supplies (e.g., prescriptions, testing supplies, etc.)
27 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Social distancing or being quarantined
47 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Other
5 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
I am not stressed about the COVID-19 outbreak
1 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Don't know/Not sure
2 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Impact on work
75 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Impact on your child
79 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Impact on your community
61 Participants
Sources of Stress During COVID-19
Access to medical care, including mental health care
32 Participants

Adverse Events

Marshallese Adults in the U.S.

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Dr. Pearl A. McElfish

University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Phone: 479-713-8680

Results disclosure agreements

  • Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
  • Publication restrictions are in place