Trial Outcomes & Findings for Physical Activity, Alzheimer's Disease and Cognition Relative to APOE Genotype (NCT NCT03876314)
NCT ID: NCT03876314
Last Updated: 2026-08-21
Results Overview
Change in executive function will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on Stroop Interference. Stroop interference is calculated using reaction time (RT) data from correct trials and the following formula: Stroop Interference RT = Stroop Incongruent RT - (average (Stroop Congruent RT , Stroop Neutral RT)). Stroop Congruent is also known as Stroop Word, and Stroop Neutral is also known as Stroop Color. RT is recorded in msec and a larger score is indicative of greater interference (worse performance)
COMPLETED
NA
180 participants
Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)
2026-08-21
Participant Flow
Recruitment methods included community events, email campaigns, printed materials, search engines, social media, traditional media, and word of mouth.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
Participants in the PAC were the treatment group. Participants were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Pre-Test
STARTED
|
98
|
82
|
|
Pre-Test
COMPLETED
|
98
|
82
|
|
Pre-Test
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
|
Mid-Test
STARTED
|
98
|
82
|
|
Mid-Test
COMPLETED
|
76
|
67
|
|
Mid-Test
NOT COMPLETED
|
22
|
15
|
|
Post-Test
STARTED
|
87
|
77
|
|
Post-Test
COMPLETED
|
76
|
67
|
|
Post-Test
NOT COMPLETED
|
11
|
10
|
Reasons for withdrawal
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
Participants in the PAC were the treatment group. Participants were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Mid-Test
Withdrawal by Subject
|
11
|
5
|
|
Mid-Test
Lost to Follow-up
|
2
|
2
|
|
Mid-Test
Caretaking Responsibilities
|
0
|
1
|
|
Mid-Test
Could not be scheduled
|
3
|
5
|
|
Mid-Test
Covid Precautions
|
0
|
1
|
|
Mid-Test
Unrelated Medical Issue
|
3
|
0
|
|
Mid-Test
Other Time Commitments
|
2
|
1
|
|
Mid-Test
Unreachable
|
1
|
0
|
|
Post-Test
Withdrawal by Subject
|
4
|
1
|
|
Post-Test
Lost to Follow-up
|
3
|
3
|
|
Post-Test
Unavailable
|
1
|
2
|
|
Post-Test
Unrelated Medical Issues
|
2
|
0
|
|
Post-Test
Switch to virtual
|
1
|
0
|
|
Post-Test
Other Time Commitments
|
0
|
2
|
|
Post-Test
Unreachable
|
0
|
2
|
Baseline Characteristics
Physical Activity, Alzheimer's Disease and Cognition Relative to APOE Genotype
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
Total
n=180 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
56.353 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.654 • n=5 Participants
|
56.484 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.161 • n=109 Participants
|
56.413 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.417 • n=133 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
88 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
72 Participants
n=109 Participants
|
160 Participants
n=133 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
10 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=109 Participants
|
20 Participants
n=133 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
|
95 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
81 Participants
n=109 Participants
|
176 Participants
n=133 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=109 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=133 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=109 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=133 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
White
|
82 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
78 Participants
n=109 Participants
|
160 Participants
n=133 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Black
|
15 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=109 Participants
|
17 Participants
n=133 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Multi-Race
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=109 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=133 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Unknown or Not Reported
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=109 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=133 Participants
|
|
APOE carrier status
ApoE e4 Carriers
|
41 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
34 Participants
n=109 Participants
|
75 Participants
n=133 Participants
|
|
APOE carrier status
ApoeE e4 Non-Carriers
|
55 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
47 Participants
n=109 Participants
|
102 Participants
n=133 Participants
|
|
APOE carrier status
Undetermined
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=109 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=133 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost data from 1 UCC participant at mid due to a computer error. Thus, we report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 66 UCC at mid, and 76 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in executive function will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on Stroop Interference. Stroop interference is calculated using reaction time (RT) data from correct trials and the following formula: Stroop Interference RT = Stroop Incongruent RT - (average (Stroop Congruent RT , Stroop Neutral RT)). Stroop Congruent is also known as Stroop Word, and Stroop Neutral is also known as Stroop Color. RT is recorded in msec and a larger score is indicative of greater interference (worse performance)
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With Stroop Interference Reaction Time (RT)
Pre-Test Stroop Interference
|
123.34 msec
Standard Deviation 72.45
|
127.47 msec
Standard Deviation 80.05
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With Stroop Interference Reaction Time (RT)
Mid-Test Stroop Interference
|
126.8 msec
Standard Deviation 73.38
|
106.8 msec
Standard Deviation 72.76
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With Stroop Interference Reaction Time (RT)
Post-test Stroop Interference
|
114.58 msec
Standard Deviation 66.64
|
104.88 msec
Standard Deviation 73.52
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost data from 1 PAC and 1 UCC at pre and 1 UCC at post due to scoring errors. Thus, we report data for 97 PAC and 81 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 67 UCC at mid, and 76 PAC and 66 UCC at post.
Change in executive function will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on the Comprehensive Trail Making Test (TMT) interference. TMT interference is calculated as total time to complete TMT B (also called Trail 5) minus the total time to complete TMT A (also called Trail 1)which were both recorded in seconds. TMT interference is, therefore, recorded in seconds with a larger score indicative of greater interference (worse performance)
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With Trail Making Test Interference
Mid-Test TMT Interference
|
16.63 Sec
Standard Deviation 14.04
|
18.31 Sec
Standard Deviation 16.57
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With Trail Making Test Interference
Post-test TMT Interference
|
13.76 Sec
Standard Deviation 11.85
|
16.83 Sec
Standard Deviation 17.43
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With Trail Making Test Interference
Pre-Test TMT Interference
|
19.31 Sec
Standard Deviation 14.75
|
18.26 Sec
Standard Deviation 14.21
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost data from 2 UCC at mid and 3 PAC at post (computer error). We report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 65 UCC at mid, and 73 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in executive function will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on the NIH Toolbox Dimentional Change Card Sort Test (DCCS). We used the recommended outcome of the DCCS computed score. This is calculated automatically within the NIH Toolbox based upon a two-stage process combining a score of 0-5 from the accuracy data with a score of 0-5 from the reaction time data. Thus, scores range from 0-10 with a higher score indicative of better performance.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With NIH Toolbox Dimensional Change Card Sort
Pre-Test
|
8.18 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.7
|
8.23 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.79
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With NIH Toolbox Dimensional Change Card Sort
Mid-Test
|
8.22 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.74
|
8.26 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.72
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With NIH Toolbox Dimensional Change Card Sort
Post-Test
|
8.24 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.68
|
8.26 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.7
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost data from 2 UCC at mid and 4 PAC at post (computer error). We report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 65 UCC at mid, and 72 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in executive function will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on the NIH Toolbox Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test. We used the recommended outcome of the Flanker computed score. This is calculated automatically within the NIH Toolbox based upon a two-stage process combining a score of 0-5 from the accuracy data with a score of 0-5 from the reaction time data. Thus, scores range from 0-10 with a higher score indicative of better performance.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With the NIH Toolbox Flanker Test.
Pre-Test
|
7.87 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.67
|
7.93 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.62
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With the NIH Toolbox Flanker Test.
Mid-Test
|
7.97 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.63
|
7.94 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.57
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With the NIH Toolbox Flanker Test.
Post-Test
|
8.03 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.59
|
7.92 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.59
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost data from 1 UCC and 1 PAC at mid and 1 PAC at post (computer error). We report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 75 PAC and 66 UCC at mid, and 75 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in executive function will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on Matrix Reasoning Accuracy from the Virginia Cognitive Aging Project (VCAP). Version O was given at pre, Version A was given at mid, and Version B was given at post. Possible scores are proportions that range from 0-1 (i.e., 0% accuracy to 100% accuracy expressed on a 0.00-1.00 scale) with a higher score being indicative of better performance.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With Matrix Reasoning.
Pre-Test
|
0.50 Proportion
Standard Deviation 0.18
|
0.53 Proportion
Standard Deviation 0.15
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With Matrix Reasoning.
Mid-Test
|
0.51 Proportion
Standard Deviation 0.21
|
0.53 Proportion
Standard Deviation 0.18
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Executive Function as Measured With Matrix Reasoning.
Post-Test
|
0.50 Proportion
Standard Deviation 0.19
|
0.54 Proportion
Standard Deviation 0.18
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. Thus, we report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 67 UCC at mid, and 76 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in memory will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on the Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Majdan et al. (1996) Form 1 was given at pre, the standard Rey Auditory Verbal Learning list was given at mid, and Majdan et al. (1996) Form 2 was given at post. These versions are comparable in terms of their scores (Sherman, Tan, \& Hrabok, 2022). Possible scores range from 0-15 with a bigger score being indicative of better memory.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Memory as Measured With the Auditory Verbal Learning Test.
Pre-Test
|
10.11 Number Correct
Standard Deviation 2.94
|
10.26 Number Correct
Standard Deviation 2.71
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Memory as Measured With the Auditory Verbal Learning Test.
Mid-Test
|
11.61 Number Correct
Standard Deviation 2.74
|
11.21 Number Correct
Standard Deviation 2.69
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Memory as Measured With the Auditory Verbal Learning Test.
Post-Test
|
10.04 Number Correct
Standard Deviation 2.85
|
10.16 Number Correct
Standard Deviation 3.20
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. Thus, we report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 67 UCC at mid, and 76 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in memory will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on the Rey Osterreith Complex Figure Test. Tests were scored using the deep learning approach for automated scoring published by Langer et al. eLife 2024;13:RP96017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.96017. Possible scores range from 0-36 with higher scores being indicative of better memory.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Memory as Measured With the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test
Pre-Test
|
19.66 Score
Standard Deviation 7.19
|
19.48 Score
Standard Deviation 6.13
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Memory as Measured With the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test
Mid-Test
|
23.30 Score
Standard Deviation 6.68
|
23.14 Score
Standard Deviation 6.44
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Memory as Measured With the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test
Post-Test
|
25.47 Score
Standard Deviation 6.49
|
24.86 Score
Standard Deviation 5.94
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost data from 2 UCC at mid and 3 PAC at post (computer error). We report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 65 UCC at mid, and 73 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in memory will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on the NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test - The computed score is an IRT-based theta score of the number of adjacent pairs placed for trial 1 and 2 with a higher score being indicative of better memory. This score is automatically created within the NIH Toolbox. Version A was given at pre, Version B was given at mid, and Version C was given at post. Possible scores range from 200-700 with a higher score being indicative of better performance.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Memory as Measured With the NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Test
Pre-Test
|
543.49 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 90.14
|
553.82 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 94.07
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Memory as Measured With the NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Test
Mid-Test
|
563.95 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 87.97
|
563.82 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 96.44
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Memory as Measured With the NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Test
Post-Test
|
590.50 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 104.73
|
606.82 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 84.31
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost data from 5 UCC, 6 PAC at pre, from 4 UCC, 2 PAC at mid, and from 2 UCC, 2 PAC at post (computer error). We report data from 92 PAC, 77 UCC at pre, 74 PAC, 63 UCC at mid, and 75 PAC, 65 UCC at post.
Change in memory will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) Lure Discimination Index (LDI) on the Mnemonic Similarity Test (MST). The MST was created based upon the publicly available and validated instructions and stimuli provided by the creators of the task (Stark, Kirwan, \& Stark, 2019). Equivalent versions of the test are administered so participants see different stimuli at each testing session and those stimuli were counterbalanced to rotate through the different item types. The formula for calculating the LDI is: p(similar\|lure) - p(similar\|foil) where p(similar\|lure) = Total # of "similar" responses to lure items / 36 and p(similar\|foil) = Total # "similar" responses to foil items / 36. Scores range from -1 to +1 with a larger score indicating better discrimination performance.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=77 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Memory as Measured With the Mnemonic Similarity Test
Pre-Test
|
0.18 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.17
|
0.16 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.16
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Memory as Measured With the Mnemonic Similarity Test
Mid-Test
|
0.28 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.18
|
0.28 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.20
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Memory as Measured With the Mnemonic Similarity Test
Post-Test
|
0.36 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.21
|
0.34 Scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.22
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost data from 2 PAC at post (computer error). Thus, we report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 67 UCC at mid, and 74 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in attention will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on the 2-sec trial of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task. Scores are reported as the number of correct responses with possible scores ranging from 0-60 and larger scores being indicative of better attention.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Attention as Measured With the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
Pre-Test
|
35.14 Number correct
Standard Deviation 10.85
|
36.50 Number correct
Standard Deviation 9.21
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Attention as Measured With the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
Mid-Test
|
39.12 Number correct
Standard Deviation 10.40
|
38.30 Number correct
Standard Deviation 9.35
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Attention as Measured With the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
Post-Test
|
40.55 Number correct
Standard Deviation 11.43
|
40.37 Number correct
Standard Deviation 10.21
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. Thus, we report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 67 UCC at mid, and 76 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in attention will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on the Neurological Assessment Battery (NAB) Digit Span Forward test. Scores are reported as the number of correct trials with possible scores ranging from 0-14 and larger scores being indicative of better attention.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Attention as Measured With the Forward Digit Span Test
Post-Test
|
7.80 Number correct trials
Standard Deviation 2.54
|
8.66 Number correct trials
Standard Deviation 2.28
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Attention as Measured With the Forward Digit Span Test
Pre-Test
|
7.47 Number correct trials
Standard Deviation 2.02
|
8.24 Number correct trials
Standard Deviation 2.21
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Attention as Measured With the Forward Digit Span Test
Mid-Test
|
7.74 Number correct trials
Standard Deviation 2.16
|
8.40 Number correct trials
Standard Deviation 2.45
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost data from 2 UCC at mid and 3 PAC at post (computer error). We report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 65 UCC at mid, and 73 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in working memory will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on the NIH Toolbox List Sort Working Memory Test. Scores are reported as the sum of the total number of items correctly recalled and sequenced on Lists 1 and 2 with possible scores ranging from 0-26 and larger scores being indicative of better working memory.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Working Memory as Measured With NIH Toolbox List Sort Working Memory
Pre-Test
|
17.93 Number correct
Standard Deviation 2.48
|
17.90 Number correct
Standard Deviation 2.45
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Working Memory as Measured With NIH Toolbox List Sort Working Memory
Mid-Test
|
18.54 Number correct
Standard Deviation 2.46
|
17.52 Number correct
Standard Deviation 2.31
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Working Memory as Measured With NIH Toolbox List Sort Working Memory
Post-Test
|
18.52 Number correct
Standard Deviation 2.37
|
17.90 Number correct
Standard Deviation 2.32
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost data from 1 UCC and 1 PAC at pre due to EPrime errors. Thus, we report data from 97 PAC and 81 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 67 UCC at mid, and 76 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in working memory will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) reaction time on the 4-dot trial of the Spatial Working Memory Test. Scores are reported as the average reaction time (RT) for correct responses. Smaller scores are indicative of faster performance (i.e., better performance).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Working Memory as Measured With Spatial Working Memory
Pre-Test
|
966.20 msec
Standard Deviation 173.30
|
988.31 msec
Standard Deviation 190.42
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Working Memory as Measured With Spatial Working Memory
Mid-Test
|
933.77 msec
Standard Deviation 163.30
|
961.52 msec
Standard Deviation 176.81
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Working Memory as Measured With Spatial Working Memory
Post-Test
|
919.10 msec
Standard Deviation 161.13
|
959.05 msec
Standard Deviation 183.16
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. Thus, we report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 67 UCC at mid, and 76 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in working memory will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) accuracy on the Neurological Assessment Battery (NAB) Digit Span Backwards test. Scores are reported as the number of correct trial with possible scores ranging from 0-14 and larger scores being indicative of better working memory.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Working Memory as Measured With Backward Digit Span
Pre-Test
|
4.64 Number correct trials
Standard Deviation 1.96
|
5.23 Number correct trials
Standard Deviation 2.39
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Working Memory as Measured With Backward Digit Span
Mid-Test
|
4.83 Number correct trials
Standard Deviation 2.04
|
5.34 Number correct trials
Standard Deviation 2.01
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Working Memory as Measured With Backward Digit Span
Post-Test
|
5.41 Number correct trials
Standard Deviation 2.57
|
5.66 Number correct trials
Standard Deviation 1.99
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost one oral score from 1 UCC and 1 PAC at post. Thus, we report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 67 UCC at mid, and 75 PAC and 66 UCC at post.
Change in working memory will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on the Digit Symbol Modalities Test (SDMT) (Smith, 1973). Scores are reported as the sum of Oral and Written Trial Raw Scores (correct responses) with possible scores ranging from 0-220 and larger scores being indicative of better working memory.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Processing Speed as Measured With the Digit Symbol Modalities Test (SDMT)
Pre-Test
|
110.62 Number correct
Standard Deviation 18.24
|
113.20 Number correct
Standard Deviation 19.17
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Processing Speed as Measured With the Digit Symbol Modalities Test (SDMT)
Mid-Test
|
117.75 Number correct
Standard Deviation 21.14
|
115.61 Number correct
Standard Deviation 20.73
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Processing Speed as Measured With the Digit Symbol Modalities Test (SDMT)
Post-Test
|
121.43 Number correct
Standard Deviation 24.49
|
120.39 Number correct
Standard Deviation 26.66
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost data from 1 UCC participant at mid due to a computer error. Thus, we report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 66 UCC at mid, and 76 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in processing speed will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on Stroop Word condition (also known as the Stroop Congruent condition). RT is recorded in msec and a larger score is indicative of slower performance (worse performance)
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Processing Speed as Measured With the Stroop Word Test
Pre-Test
|
680.85 msec
Standard Deviation 104.45
|
671.39 msec
Standard Deviation 106.60
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Processing Speed as Measured With the Stroop Word Test
Mid-Test
|
657.53 msec
Standard Deviation 95.26
|
650.36 msec
Standard Deviation 104.07
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Processing Speed as Measured With the Stroop Word Test
Post-Test
|
657.37 msec
Standard Deviation 114.01
|
649.95 msec
Standard Deviation 105.07
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost data from 1 UCC participant at mid due to a computer error. Thus, we report data from 98 PAC and 82 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 66 UCC at mid, and 76 PAC and 67 UCC at post.
Change in processing speed will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on Stroop Color condition (also known as the Stroop Neutral condition). RT is recorded in msec and a larger score is indicative of slower performance (worse performance)
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Processing Speed as Measured With the Stroop Color Test
Mid-Test
|
680.70 msec
Standard Deviation 104.90
|
668.37 msec
Standard Deviation 105.24
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Processing Speed as Measured With the Stroop Color Test
Pre-Test
|
701.52 msec
Standard Deviation 106.46
|
687.79 msec
Standard Deviation 107.16
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Processing Speed as Measured With the Stroop Color Test
Post-Test
|
677.83 msec
Standard Deviation 116.59
|
675.94 msec
Standard Deviation 107.67
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 did not attend mid but remained in the study. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. We lost data from 1 PAC and 1UCC at pre and 1 UCC at post due to scoring errors. Thus, we report data for 97 PAC and 81 UCC at pre, 76 PAC and 67 UCC at mid, and 76 PAC and 66 UCC at post.
Change in executive function will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) performance on the Comprehensive Trail Making Test (TMT) A (TMT A) (also known as Trail 1). Performance is recorded in seconds with a larger score indicative of slower performance (worse performance)
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Processing Speed as Measured With the Trail Making Test A
Pre-Test
|
35.33 Sec
Standard Deviation 9.04
|
35.21 Sec
Standard Deviation 9.86
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Processing Speed as Measured With the Trail Making Test A
Mid-Test
|
33.41 Sec
Standard Deviation 8.34
|
35.40 Sec
Standard Deviation 10.00
|
|
Change in Performance on the Cognitive Domain of Processing Speed as Measured With the Trail Making Test A
Post-Test
|
33.13 Sec
Standard Deviation 9.00
|
34.21 Sec
Standard Deviation 10.51
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: We had 98 PAC and 82 UCC enrolled at pre. N=50 were not eligible for or unwilling to do the MRI (27 PAC, 24 UCC). At pre, 1 PAC could not complete her scan and there was missing data for 2 (1 PAC, 1 UCC) due to the pipeline used for preprocessing. 17 dropped before post (9 PAC, 8 UCC), 4 (2 PAC, 2 UCC) could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 4 (2 PAC, 2 UCC) due to the pipeline. Data are therefore available for 70 PAC and 56 UCC at pre and 58 PAC and 46 UCC at post.
Change in whole brain morphology will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) for total segmented brain volume (i.e., total brain separated from non-brain structures). This is measured as volume (mm3), with volumes ranging from 1,050,000 to 1,350,000, and with higher values being interpreted as better.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=70 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=56 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Brain Morphology (Whole Brain Volume)
Pre-Test
|
1,071,315.79 mm3
Standard Deviation 107,521.18
|
1,070,699.89 mm3
Standard Deviation 108,422.23
|
|
Change in Brain Morphology (Whole Brain Volume)
Post-Test
|
1,068,441.83 mm3
Standard Deviation 112,494.04
|
1,056,369.22 mm3
Standard Deviation 108,247.64
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: We had 98 PAC and 82 UCC enrolled at pre. N=50 were not eligible for or unwilling to do the MRI (27 PAC, 24 UCC). At pre, 1 PAC could not complete her scan and there was missing data for 2 (1 PAC, 1 UCC) due to the pipeline used for preprocessing. 17 dropped before post (9 PAC, 8 UCC), 4 (2 PAC, 2 UCC) could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 4 (2 PAC, 2 UCC) due to the pipeline. Data are therefore available for 70 PAC and 56 UCC at pre and 58 PAC and 46 UCC at post.
Change in Left Hippocampus Volume will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) for total segmented left hippocampus volume (i.e., left hippocampus segmented away from other regions). This is measured as volume (mm3), ranges from 2500 to 4500, and higher values are better.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=70 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=56 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Brain Morphology (Left Hippocampus Volume)
Pre-Test
|
4,054.20 mm3
Standard Deviation 362.86
|
3,963.19 mm3
Standard Deviation 316.55
|
|
Change in Brain Morphology (Left Hippocampus Volume)
Post-Test
|
4,030.15 mm3
Standard Deviation 382.69
|
3,973.75 mm3
Standard Deviation 330.38
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: We had 98 PAC and 82 UCC enrolled at pre. N=50 were not eligible for or unwilling to do the MRI (27 PAC, 24 UCC). At pre, 1 PAC could not complete her scan and there was missing data for 2 (1 PAC, 1 UCC) due to the pipeline used for preprocessing. 17 dropped before post (9 PAC, 8 UCC), 4 (2 PAC, 2 UCC) could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 4 (2 PAC, 2 UCC) due to the pipeline. Data are therefore available for 70 PAC and 56 UCC at pre and 58 PAC and 46 UCC at post.
Change in Right Hippocampus Volume will be assessed by comparing Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months) for total segmented right hippocampus volume (i.e., right hippocampus segmented away from other regions). This is measured as volume (mm3), ranges from 2500 to 4500, and higher values are better.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=70 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=56 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Brain Morphology (Right Hippocampus Volume)
Pre-Test
|
4,196.44 mm3
Standard Deviation 625.01
|
4,094.56 mm3
Standard Deviation 333.94
|
|
Change in Brain Morphology (Right Hippocampus Volume)
Post-Test
|
4,115.50 mm3
Standard Deviation 367.77
|
4,089.08 mm3
Standard Deviation 382.16
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: Participants (N=14) dropped out from pre-test to mid-test (10 in PAC, 4 in UCC); Additional participants (N=17) did not attend the mid-test but remained in the study (n=10 in PAC, n=7 in UCC). Participants dropped out from mid-test to post-test (N=6, 5 in PAC, 1 in UCC); Additional participants (N=13) did not attend the post-test (n=5 in PAC, n=8 in UCC). Other missing data is because participants declined to provide a sample, we were unable to take a sample, or there was insufficient sample
Blood samples will be taken following a 12-hour fast. Assays will be conducted for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-⍺, serum amyloid protein (SAP), albumin, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and ⍺-2 macroglobulin. Change from pre-test to post-test will be assessed.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=90 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=77 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - BDNF
Pre-Test
|
13453.11 BDNF (pg/mL)
Standard Deviation 4237.52
|
14564.18 BDNF (pg/mL)
Standard Deviation 4273.34
|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - BDNF
Post-Test
|
13303.74 BDNF (pg/mL)
Standard Deviation 4308.67
|
13843.74 BDNF (pg/mL)
Standard Deviation 4229.15
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: Participants (N=14) dropped out from pre-test to mid-test (10 in PAC, 4 in UCC); Additional participants (N=17) did not attend the mid-test but remained in the study (n=10 in PAC, n=7 in UCC). Participants dropped out from mid-test to post-test (N=6, 5 in PAC, 1 in UCC); Additional participants (N=13) did not attend the post-test (n=5 in PAC, n=8 in UCC). Other missing data is because participants declined to provide a sample, we were unable to take a sample, or there was insufficient sample
Blood samples will be taken following a 12-hour fast. Assays will be conducted for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-⍺, serum amyloid protein (SAP), albumin, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and ⍺-2 macroglobulin. Change from pre-test to post-test will be assessed.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=88 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=78 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - Irisin
Pre-Test
|
202.16 Irisin (pg/ml)
Standard Deviation 175.78
|
206.83 Irisin (pg/ml)
Standard Deviation 115.48
|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - Irisin
Post-Test
|
209.33 Irisin (pg/ml)
Standard Deviation 203.76
|
209.42 Irisin (pg/ml)
Standard Deviation 143.53
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Change in blood biomarkers (BDNF, irisin, IGF-1, glucose, insulin, TNF-⍺, serum amyloid protein (SAP), albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 macroglobulin) - IGF-1. Blood samples will be taken following a 12-hour fast. Assays will be conducted for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-⍺, serum amyloid protein (SAP), albumin, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and ⍺-2 macroglobulin. Change from pre-test to post-test will be assessed. The capture antibodies in the kits we received from the company for IGF-1 were not effective. We attempted to secure new kits to conduct the assays, but did not receive the kits in a timely fashion. We intend to conduct these assays upon receipt of the kits and the availability of personnel to perform the assays. The anticipated reporting date for IGF-1 is January 2027.
Outcome measures
Outcome data not reported
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: Participants (N=14) dropped out from pre-test to mid-test (10 in PAC, 4 in UCC); Additional participants (N=17) did not attend the mid-test but remained in the study (n=10 in PAC, n=7 in UCC). Participants dropped out from mid-test to post-test (N=6, 5 in PAC, 1 in UCC); Additional participants (N=13) did not attend the post-test (n=5 in PAC, n=8 in UCC). Other missing data is because participants declined to provide a sample, we were unable to take a sample, or there was insufficient sample
Blood samples will be taken following a 12-hour fast. Assays will be conducted for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-⍺, serum amyloid protein (SAP), albumin, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and ⍺-2 macroglobulin. Change from pre-test to post-test will be assessed.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=89 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=78 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - Glucose
Pre-Test
|
84.01 Glucose mg/dL
Standard Deviation 13.70
|
85.15 Glucose mg/dL
Standard Deviation 12.40
|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - Glucose
Post-Test
|
83.84 Glucose mg/dL
Standard Deviation 13.32
|
84.79 Glucose mg/dL
Standard Deviation 12.76
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: Participants (N=14) dropped out from pre-test to mid-test (10 in PAC, 4 in UCC); Additional participants (N=17) did not attend the mid-test but remained in the study (n=10 in PAC, n=7 in UCC). Participants dropped out from mid-test to post-test (N=6, 5 in PAC, 1 in UCC); Additional participants (N=13) did not attend the post-test (n=5 in PAC, n=8 in UCC). Other missing data is because participants declined to provide a sample, we were unable to take a sample, or there was insufficient sample
Blood samples will be taken following a 12-hour fast. Assays will be conducted for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-⍺, serum amyloid protein (SAP), albumin, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and ⍺-2 macroglobulin. Change from pre-test to post-test will be assessed.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=89 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=78 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - Insulin
Pre-Test
|
13.28 Insulin (µIU/mL)
Standard Deviation 6.8
|
12.41 Insulin (µIU/mL)
Standard Deviation 7.0
|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - Insulin
Post-Test
|
14.87 Insulin (µIU/mL)
Standard Deviation 13.44
|
13.17 Insulin (µIU/mL)
Standard Deviation 6.92
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: Participants (N=14) dropped out from pre-test to mid-test (10 in PAC, 4 in UCC); Additional participants (N=17) did not attend the mid-test but remained in the study (n=10 in PAC, n=7 in UCC). Participants dropped out from mid-test to post-test (N=6, 5 in PAC, 1 in UCC); Additional participants (N=13) did not attend the post-test (n=5 in PAC, n=8 in UCC). Other missing data is because participants declined to provide a sample, we were unable to take a sample, or there was insufficient sample
Blood samples will be taken following a 12-hour fast. Assays will be conducted for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-⍺, serum amyloid protein (SAP), albumin, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and ⍺-2 macroglobulin. Change from pre-test to post-test will be assessed.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=89 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=77 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - TNFa
Pre-Test
|
1.30 TNFa (pg/ml)
Standard Deviation 4.03
|
1.40 TNFa (pg/ml)
Standard Deviation 3.90
|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - TNFa
Post-Test
|
1.96 TNFa (pg/ml)
Standard Deviation 8.77
|
1.40 TNFa (pg/ml)
Standard Deviation 3.66
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: Participants (N=14) dropped out from pre-test to mid-test (10 in PAC, 4 in UCC); Additional participants (N=17) did not attend the mid-test but remained in the study (n=10 in PAC, n=7 in UCC). Participants dropped out from mid-test to post-test (N=6, 5 in PAC, 1 in UCC); Additional participants (N=13) did not attend the post-test (n=5 in PAC, n=8 in UCC). Other missing data is because participants declined to provide a sample, we were unable to take a sample, or there was insufficient sample
Blood samples will be taken following a 12-hour fast. Assays will be conducted for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-⍺, serum amyloid protein (SAP), albumin, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and ⍺-2 macroglobulin. Change from pre-test to post-test will be assessed.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=89 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=78 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - SAA
Pre-Test
|
.3964 SAA (mg/L)
Standard Deviation .5232
|
.3585 SAA (mg/L)
Standard Deviation .323
|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - SAA
Post-Test
|
.405 SAA (mg/L)
Standard Deviation .704
|
.4503 SAA (mg/L)
Standard Deviation .8321
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: Participants (N=14) dropped out from pre-test to mid-test (10 in PAC, 4 in UCC); Additional participants (N=17) did not attend the mid-test but remained in the study (n=10 in PAC, n=7 in UCC). Participants dropped out from mid-test to post-test (N=6, 5 in PAC, 1 in UCC); Additional participants (N=13) did not attend the post-test (n=5 in PAC, n=8 in UCC). Other missing data is because participants declined to provide a sample, we were unable to take a sample, or there was insufficient sample
Blood samples will be taken following a 12-hour fast. Assays will be conducted for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-⍺, serum amyloid protein (SAP), albumin, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and ⍺-2 macroglobulin. Change from pre-test to post-test will be assessed.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=89 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=79 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - ALB
Pre-Test
|
6.58 ALB mg/dL
Standard Deviation .81
|
6.48 ALB mg/dL
Standard Deviation .82
|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - ALB
Post-Test
|
6.65 ALB mg/dL
Standard Deviation .76
|
6.44 ALB mg/dL
Standard Deviation .78
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: Participants (N=14) dropped out from pre-test to mid-test (10 in PAC, 4 in UCC); Additional participants (N=17) did not attend the mid-test but remained in the study (n=10 in PAC, n=7 in UCC). Participants dropped out from mid-test to post-test (N=6, 5 in PAC, 1 in UCC); Additional participants (N=13) did not attend the post-test (n=5 in PAC, n=8 in UCC). Other missing data is because participants declined to provide a sample, we were unable to take a sample, or there was insufficient sample
Blood samples will be taken following a 12-hour fast. Assays will be conducted for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-⍺, serum amyloid protein (SAP), albumin, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and ⍺-2 macroglobulin. Change from pre-test to post-test will be assessed.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=89 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=78 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - ApoE
Pre-Test
|
1.08 ApoE mg/dL
Standard Deviation 0.67
|
1.04 ApoE mg/dL
Standard Deviation 0.70
|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - ApoE
Post-Test
|
1.13 ApoE mg/dL
Standard Deviation 0.69
|
1.03 ApoE mg/dL
Standard Deviation 0.70
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: Participants (N=14) dropped out from pre-test to mid-test (10 in PAC, 4 in UCC); Additional participants (N=17) did not attend the mid-test but remained in the study (n=10 in PAC, n=7 in UCC). Participants dropped out from mid-test to post-test (N=6, 5 in PAC, 1 in UCC); Additional participants (N=13) did not attend the post-test (n=5 in PAC, n=8 in UCC). Other missing data is because participants declined to provide a sample, we were unable to take a sample, or there was insufficient sample
Blood samples will be taken following a 12-hour fast. Assays will be conducted for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-⍺, serum amyloid protein (SAP), albumin, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and ⍺-2 macroglobulin. Change from pre-test to post-test will be assessed.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=91 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=78 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - ⍺-2 Macroglobulin
Pre-Test
|
123.65 A2M mg/dL
Standard Deviation 68.23
|
114.86 A2M mg/dL
Standard Deviation 58.50
|
|
Change in Blood Biomarkers (BDNF, Irisin, IGF-1, Glucose, Insulin, TNF-⍺, Serum Amyloid Protein (SAP), Albumin, ApoE and ⍺-2 Macroglobulin) - ⍺-2 Macroglobulin
Post-Test
|
130.36 A2M mg/dL
Standard Deviation 72.12
|
118.42 A2M mg/dL
Standard Deviation 68.03
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test, Mid-Test (~6 months), and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: At pre, we had insufficient data (ID) for 15 PAC, 16 UCC. 6 PAC, 4 UCC were not tested. 11 PAC, 10 UCC dropped from pre to mid; 11 PAC, 5 UCC did not attend mid. At mid, ID for 17 PAC, 5 UCC. 9 PAC, 14 UCC were not tested. 3 PAC, 1 UCC dropped from mid to post. 4 PAC not at mid dropped before post. 1 PAC, 4 UCC did not attend post. At post, ID for 15 PAC, 13 UCC. 6 PAC, 8 UCC were not tested. Thus, we report data from 77 PAC, 62 UCC at pre, 50 PAC, 48 UCC at mid, and 55 PAC, 46 UCC at post.
Fitness will be assessed by comparing predicted VO2max at Pre-Test, Mid-Test (\~6 months), and Post-Test (\~12 months). Fitness will be assessed using a submaximal graded aerobic exercise test performed on a treadmill. Oxygen uptake (VO2) at each stage is estimated based on the treadmill speed and grade during a ramped exercise protocol performed until volitional exhaustion or test termination due to symptom limitations. The VO2max estimation uses the slope of the regression line between the heart rates (HR) of the last two stages to extrapolate to the participant's predicted VO2 at their age-predicted max HR (220-age). If HR at either of the last two stages is \<110, VO2 could not be reliably calculated, and we consider the participant to have insufficient data (ID). We have explored other options for estimating VO2 max, but believe this is the best option available.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Pre-test
|
28.79 ml/kg/min
Standard Deviation 8.71
|
28.70 ml/kg/min
Standard Deviation 14.35
|
|
Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Mid-Test
|
28.10 ml/kg/min
Standard Deviation 6.19
|
26.51 ml/kg/min
Standard Deviation 5.85
|
|
Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Post-Test
|
27.22 ml/kg/min
Standard Deviation 5.36
|
26.78 ml/kg/min
Standard Deviation 5.20
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: N=50 were not eligible for or unwilling to do the MRI at pre or post (27 PAC, 23 UCC). At pre, 1 PAC could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 4 (3 PAC, 1 UCC). Thus, data is available for 67 PAC and 58 UCC at pre. 17 dropped before post (10 PAC, 7 UCC), 2 PAC refused MRI, 3 UCC could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 2 (1 PAC, 1 UCC). Thus, data is available for 59 PAC and 47 UCC at post.
Functional MRI will be used to measure brain activity including resting-state connectivity and change will be assessed from pre-test to post-test.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=67 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=58 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Brain Activity (Resting-state Connectivity) Right Lateral Parietal, Posterior Cingulate Cortex
Pre-Test
|
0.779 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.198
|
0.804 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.265
|
|
Change in Brain Activity (Resting-state Connectivity) Right Lateral Parietal, Posterior Cingulate Cortex
Post-Test
|
0.738 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.219
|
0.799 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.249
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: N=50 were not eligible for or unwilling to do the MRI at pre or post (27 PAC, 23 UCC). At pre, 1 PAC could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 4 (3 PAC, 1 UCC). Thus, data is available for 67 PAC and 58 UCC at pre. 17 dropped before post (10 PAC, 7 UCC), 2 PAC refused MRI, 3 UCC could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 2 (1 PAC, 1 UCC). Thus, data is available for 59 PAC and 47 UCC at post.
Functional MRI will be used to measure brain activity including resting-state connectivity and change will be assessed from pre-test to post-test.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=67 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=58 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Brain Activity (Resting-state Connectivity) Left Lateral Parietal, Right Lateral Parietal
Post-Test
|
0.637 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.226
|
0.686 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.202
|
|
Change in Brain Activity (Resting-state Connectivity) Left Lateral Parietal, Right Lateral Parietal
Pre-Test
|
0.713 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.231
|
0.728 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.193
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: N=50 were not eligible for or unwilling to do the MRI at pre or post (27 PAC, 23 UCC). At pre, 1 PAC could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 4 (3 PAC, 1 UCC). Thus, data is available for 67 PAC and 58 UCC at pre. 17 dropped before post (10 PAC, 7 UCC), 2 PAC refused MRI, 3 UCC could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 2 (1 PAC, 1 UCC). Thus, data is available for 59 PAC and 47 UCC at post.
Functional MRI will be used to measure brain activity including resting-state connectivity and change will be assessed from pre-test to post-test.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=67 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=58 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Brain Activity (Resting-state Connectivity) Left Lateral Parietal, Posterior Cingulate Cortex
Pre-Test
|
0.675 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.219
|
0.672 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.226
|
|
Change in Brain Activity (Resting-state Connectivity) Left Lateral Parietal, Posterior Cingulate Cortex
Post-Test
|
0.654 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.247
|
0.770 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.234
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: N=50 were not eligible for or unwilling to do the MRI at pre or post (27 PAC, 23 UCC). At pre, 1 PAC could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 4 (3 PAC, 1 UCC). Thus, data is available for 67 PAC and 58 UCC at pre. 17 dropped before post (10 PAC, 7 UCC), 2 PAC refused MRI, 3 UCC could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 2 (1 PAC, 1 UCC). Thus, data is available for 59 PAC and 47 UCC at post.
Functional MRI will be used to measure brain activity including resting-state connectivity and change will be assessed from pre-test to post-test.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=67 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=58 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Brain Activity (Resting-state Connectivity) Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Posterior Cingulate Cortex
Pre-Test
|
0.501 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.211
|
0.543 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.218
|
|
Change in Brain Activity (Resting-state Connectivity) Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Posterior Cingulate Cortex
Post-Test
|
0.510 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.207
|
0.508 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.197
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: N=50 were not eligible for or unwilling to do the MRI at pre or post (27 PAC, 23 UCC). At pre, 1 PAC could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 4 (3 PAC, 1 UCC). Thus, data is available for 67 PAC and 58 UCC at pre. 17 dropped before post (10 PAC, 7 UCC), 2 PAC refused MRI, 3 UCC could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 2 (1 PAC, 1 UCC). Thus, data is available for 59 PAC and 47 UCC at post.
Functional MRI will be used to measure brain activity including resting-state connectivity and change will be assessed from pre-test to post-test.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=67 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=58 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Brain Activity (Resting-state Connectivity) Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Right Lateral Parietal
Pre-Test
|
0.320 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.241
|
0.370 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.271
|
|
Change in Brain Activity (Resting-state Connectivity) Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Right Lateral Parietal
Post-Test
|
0.303 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.241
|
0.352 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.214
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-Test and Post-Test (~12 months)Population: N=50 were not eligible for or unwilling to do the MRI at pre or post (27 PAC, 23 UCC). At pre, 1 PAC could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 4 (3 PAC, 1 UCC). Thus, data is available for 67 PAC and 58 UCC at pre. 17 dropped before post (10 PAC, 7 UCC), 2 PAC refused MRI, 3 UCC could not be scheduled, and there was missing data for 2 (1 PAC, 1 UCC). Thus, data is available for 59 PAC and 47 UCC at post.
Functional MRI will be used to measure brain activity including resting-state connectivity and change will be assessed from pre-test to post-test.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=67 Participants
Subjects were asked to attend virtual exercise sessions for resistance training and to walk on their own 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=58 Participants
Participants in the usual care control maintained their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants received a bi-weekly health newsletter. Participants self-reported physical activity was assessed monthly. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test were given the equivalent of the cost to purchase a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Brain Activity (Resting-state Connectivity) Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Left Lateral Parietal
Pre-Test
|
0.308 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.256
|
0.247 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.243
|
|
Change in Brain Activity (Resting-state Connectivity) Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Left Lateral Parietal
Post-Test
|
0.249 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.220
|
0.243 Fisher z-transformed correlation coeff
Standard Deviation 0.227
|
Adverse Events
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
Usual Care Control (UCC)
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
| Measure |
Physical Activity Condition (PAC)
n=98 participants at risk
Subjects will be asked to attend virtual exercise sessions 3 times a week for 1 year.
|
Usual Care Control (UCC)
n=82 participants at risk
Participants in the usual care control will maintain their normal health practices for 1 year. Participants will receive a bi-weekly health newsletter and will be contacted bi-weekly to answer any questions and inquire about the participant's health. Participants self-reported physical activity will be assessed monthly. In this fashion, participants will be contacted by staff every week. Usual care control participants that complete all study related activities including pre-, mid-, and post-test will receive a short-term YMCA membership after post-test.
|
|---|---|---|
|
General disorders
Anxiety during MRI scan
|
1.0%
1/98 • From enrollment (pre-test assessment) until end of follow-up (post-test assessment at 12-months)
|
2.4%
2/82 • From enrollment (pre-test assessment) until end of follow-up (post-test assessment at 12-months)
|
|
General disorders
Muscle/joint soreness or stiffness
|
8.2%
8/98 • From enrollment (pre-test assessment) until end of follow-up (post-test assessment at 12-months)
|
1.2%
1/82 • From enrollment (pre-test assessment) until end of follow-up (post-test assessment at 12-months)
|
Additional Information
Jennifer L. Etnier, Professor
University of North Carolina Greensboro
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place