Trial Outcomes & Findings for Parent Involvement in Adolescent Obesity Treatment (NCT NCT03851796)

Recruitment for the trial occurred from March 2019 through August 2023 with more strategized recruitment methods occurring 3-4 months prior to the start of each cohort. We implemented a comprehensive recruitment plan which included: establishing relationships with community practices for provider referrals; physician-endorsed letters; direct mail; social media and targeted digital ads; local newspaper/magazine/radio ads; flyers/posters in medical offices/hospital; listservs; community events.

Parent Involvement in Adolescent Obesity Treatment

Body Mass Index (BMI) change (kg/m2; adolescent) during the maintenance phase (4-month to 12-month).

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Anthropometry methods were used to measure height and weight to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). At 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 months, trained staff measured adolescent height and weight (in light clothing and after a 12 hour fast) to the nearest 0.1cm and 0.1kg using a precision stadiometer and digital scale, respectively.

Trained staff will measure weight (in light clothing and after a 12 hour fast) to the nearest 0.1kg using digital scale at baseline, 2-, 4-, 8- and 12-months.

Trained staff will measure weight (in light clothing and after a 12 hour fast) to the nearest 0.1kg using digital scale at baseline and 4-months. Weight change will be calculated from these values.

Accelerometers were worn for 1 week by adolescents and parents for each assessment period (0, 4, 8, and 12 months) to assess adolescent and parent physical activity. Results represent total time (minutes/day) spent in moderate/vigorous activity (MVPA). Data reported is based off the average MVPA minutes per day of valid wear days.

To assess adolescent and parent physical activity change during the maintenance physical (post-intervention) phase of the program from 4-months to 12-months. Results represent the change in total time (minutes/day) spent in moderate/vigorous activity (MVPA).

Accelerometers will be worn for 1 week by adolescents and parents for each assessment period (0, 4, 8, and 12 months) to assess adolescent and parent physical activity energy expenditure (EE). Results represent the average daily physical activity energy expenditure (kilocalories/day) estimated via accelerometer. Results are based off EE = (Metabolic Equivalent of Task \[MET\] value of activity x body weight kg x \[minutes of activity/60\]) with MET values of 2.5, 4, and 7 utilized for light, moderate, and vigorous activities, respectively.

To assess adolescent and parent physical activity energy expenditure change during the maintenance physical (post-intervention) phase of the program from 4-months to 12-months. Results represent the change in total kilocalories per day from physical activity.

Adolescent and parent participants completed a 3-day food record to track dietary intake for 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day in the week prior to their assessment (0, 4, 8, 12m). Recall data was entered the Nutrition Data System for Research Software (NDSR) by trained staff. Parent and adolescent average total energy intake (kilocalories/day) from the logged days is reported.

The Home Food Inventory (HFI) was used to assess the availability of types of food in the home and calculate an overall obesogenic score. Scores range from 0-60, with high scores indicating a more obesogenic food environment.

The Parenting Styles and Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) was administered to parents to assess parent self-report of authoritative parenting style. Results reflect the participating parent's perception of their parenting style. Scores range from 1-5 with higher scoring indicating a greater frequency of authoritative parenting behaviors.

At 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 months, adolescents will complete the Family Experiences Related to Food Questionnaire (FERFQ) is an 8 or 9-item measure (father and mother version, respectively) that will assess family commentary about weight and shape as well as family modeling of diet and weight concerns. Scores range from 1-5 with higher scores indicating more negative role modeling of dietary behaviors. Results reflect the adolescent's perception on their parent (mom or dad) participating in the study.

Parents will complete the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ; Adolescent version) to assess restrictive feeding style. Scores range from 1-5 with higher scores indicating a greater degree of restrictive feeding practices.

Adolescents and parents will complete the Weight Control Strategies Scale (WCSS) which will assess the use of healthy weight control practices (e.g., dietary choices, self-monitoring, and physical activity) at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 months. A total of 30 items are included in the measure, rated from 0-4. Total scores (ranging from 0-4) are calculated by averaging the scores of the 30 items. Higher scores indicate greater engagement in weight management behaviors.

Adolescents and parents will complete the Weight Control Strategies Scale (WCSS) self-monitoring subscale which will assess the use of self-monitoring weight control practices at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 months. A total of 7 items are included in the measure, rated from 0-4. Scores are calculated by averaging the scores of the 7 items. Higher scores indicate greater engagement in self-monitoring weight management behaviors.

Adolescents and parents will complete the Weight Control Strategies Scale (WCSS) dietary choices subscale which will assess the use of dietary choice weight control practices at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 months. A total of 10 items are included in the measure, rated from 0-4. Scores range from 0 to 4 and are calculated by averaging the scores of the 10 items. Higher scores indicate greater engagement in dietary choice weight management behaviors.

Adolescents and parents will complete the Weight Control Strategies Scale (WCSS) physical activity subscale which will assess the use of physical activity weight control practices at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 months. A total of 6 items are included in the measure, rated from 0-4. Scores range from 0 to 4 and are calculated by averaging the scores of the 6 items. Higher scores indicate greater engagement in physical activity weight management behaviors.

Adolescents and parents will complete the Weight Control Strategies Scale (WCSS) psychological coping subscale which will assess the use of psychological coping weight control practices at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 months. A total of 7 items are included in the measure, rated from 0-4. Scores range from 0 to 4 and are calculated by averaging the scores of the 7 items. Higher scores indicate greater engagement in psychological coping weight management behaviors.

The Authoritative Parenting Index (API) was used to assess adolescent-report of responsiveness parenting style and will be administered at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 months. Scores range from 9-36 with higher scores indicating greater perceived responsiveness from the parent. Results reflect the adolescent's perception on the parent (mom or dad) participating in the study.

The Authoritative Parenting Index (API) was used to assess adolescent-report of demandingness parenting style and will be administered at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 months. Scores range from 7-28 with higher scores indicating greater perceived demandingness from the parent. Results reflect the adolescent's perception on their parent (mom or dad) participating in the study.

The Authoritative Parenting Index (API) was used to assess adolescent-report of authoritative parenting style and was administered at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 months. Scores range from 16-64 with higher scores indicating the adolescent perceives their parent to have a higher level of authoritative parenting behavior. Results reflect the adolescent's perception on their parent (mom or dad) participating in the study.

The Exercise Environment Questionnaire (EEQ) assessed the availability of types exercise equipment in the home. Measures will be completed at 0, 4, 8, 12 months. Scores are calculated by summing responses. Scores range from 0-39 with higher scores indicating more exercise equipment in the home.

Parents will complete the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ; Adolescent version) to assess monitoring feeding style. Scores range from 1-5 with higher scores indicating a greater degree of monitoring feeding practices.

At 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 months, adolescents will complete the Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale (P-PASS) to assess adolescent perception of 1) autonomy-supportive parenting behaviors and 2) controlling parenting behaviors. Items are rated on a 7-point Likert scale from 1-7. The average score across all items is calculated. Higher scores indicate a greater perception of parental autonomy support. Lower scores indicate less support and more controlling behaviors.

The Conflict Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ; Parent and Adolescent Versions) will assess parent and adolescent report of parent-child relational factors at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 mo. Scores range from 0-20. Higher score indicate more conflict between parent and child and lower scores indicating less conflict. Results reflect the adolescent's perception on their parent (mom or dad) participating in the study.

The Parent Efficacy for Child Healthy Weight Behavior (PECHWB) will assess parent self-efficacy in promoting healthy weight behaviors in their adolescents. Scores range from 0-100 with higher scores indicating higher self-efficacy.

At 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 months, adolescents will complete family and friend social support scales from the Patient-based Assessment and Counseling for Physical Activity and Nutrition (PACE+) questionnaires to assess adolescent report of family and friend social support across 3 domains: 1) fruit and vegetable intake, 2) fat intake, and 3) physical activity. Scores range from 1-5 with higher indicating greater social support.