Trial Outcomes & Findings for Assessment and Treatment of Cognitive Functioning Deficits in Veterans With PTSD (NCT NCT03696225)
NCT ID: NCT03696225
Last Updated: 2026-01-23
Results Overview
A measure of processing speed. Higher scores represent better outcomes. Scores range from 0-155.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
21 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
change from baseline to 3 and 6 months
Results posted on
2026-01-23
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
13
|
8
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
10
|
6
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
3
|
2
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Assessment and Treatment of Cognitive Functioning Deficits in Veterans With PTSD
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=13 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
Total
n=21 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
45 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.89 • n=270 Participants
|
45.63 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.3 • n=4 Participants
|
45.3 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.1 • n=9 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
8 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
5 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Non-Hispanic White
|
13 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
17 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Non-Hispanic Black
|
0 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Native American
|
0 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Other
|
0 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
|
13 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
21 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
|
Education (years)
|
14.31 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.93 • n=270 Participants
|
15.75 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.44 • n=4 Participants
|
14.86 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.20 • n=9 Participants
|
|
Mental Health Diagnosis
PTSD
|
13 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
19 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
|
Mental Health Diagnosis
Major Depressive Disorder
|
7 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
|
Mental Health Diagnosis
Panic Disorder
|
5 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
|
Mental Health Diagnosis
Agoraphobia
|
9 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
|
Mental Health Diagnosis
Social Anxiety
|
5 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
|
Mental Health Diagnosis
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
|
5 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
|
Mental Health Diagnosis
Alcohol Use Disorder
|
2 Participants
n=270 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=9 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: change from baseline to 3 and 6 monthsPopulation: Due to drop-out and COVID precautions, there were less participants who completed measures at 3- and 6-Month follow-ups
Self-report severity measure of prospective (remembering to do something in the future) and retrospective (remembering something from the past) memory problems relevant to every day life. Higher scores represent worse outcomes. Total score ranges from 0-64.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=13 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ; Crawford et al., 2006)
Baseline
|
50.38 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.145
|
38.5 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 15.875
|
|
Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ; Crawford et al., 2006)
3-Month
|
47.875 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.96
|
42.5 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 16.01
|
|
Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ; Crawford et al., 2006)
6-Month
|
39.8 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 13.846
|
45.857 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 16.406
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: change from baseline to 3 and 6 monthsPopulation: Due to drop-out and COVID precautions, there were less participants who completed measures at 3- and 6-Month follow-ups
Self-report severity measure of attention and organizational problems. Scores on the MSNQ range from 0 to 58, with higher scores indicating greater cognitive impairment.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=13 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire - Patient Version (MSNQ; Benedict et al., 2003)
3-Month
|
29.375 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.52
|
26.5 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 11.387
|
|
Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire - Patient Version (MSNQ; Benedict et al., 2003)
6-Month
|
22.6 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 14.117
|
29.833 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 14.442
|
|
Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire - Patient Version (MSNQ; Benedict et al., 2003)
Baseline
|
33.15 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 8.143
|
22.75 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 12.903
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: change from baseline to 3 and 6 monthsPopulation: Due to drop-out and COVID precautions, there were less participants who completed measures at 3- and 6-Month follow-ups
Comprehensive measurement of verbal learning and memory and includes a forced choice validity. The total raw score is the sum of correct responses on the five presentations; scores range from 0-80. Higher scores represent better outcomes.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=13 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-II; Delis et al., 2000)
Baseline
|
52.77 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 11.047
|
52.88 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 10.602
|
|
California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-II; Delis et al., 2000)
3-Month
|
62.8 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 8.066
|
58.33 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 16.207
|
|
California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-II; Delis et al., 2000)
6-Month
|
52.333 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 9.713
|
63.857 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 14.622
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: change from baseline to 3 and 6 monthsPopulation: Due to drop-out and COVID precautions, there were less participants who completed measures at 3- and 6-Month follow-ups
A measure of processing speed. Higher scores represent better outcomes. Scores range from 0-155.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=13 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Coding Subtest (Wechsler, 2008)
6-Months
|
88.00 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 0.00
|
75.143 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 13.184
|
|
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Coding Subtest (Wechsler, 2008)
Baseline
|
69.38 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 12.646
|
73.25 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 9.910
|
|
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Coding Subtest (Wechsler, 2008)
3-Month
|
77 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 17.171
|
79.25 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 16.008
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: change from baseline to 3 and 6 monthsPopulation: Due to drop-out and COVID precautions, there were less participants who completed measures at 3- and 6-Month follow-ups
The Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA) Test measures word generation, verbal fluency, and executive functioning. Participants are asked to name as many words as they can starting with a specific letter (i.e., F, A, S) within one minute, and as many words as possible in a specified category (i.e., animals) within one minute. Total score is the sum of responses (three letter trials, one category trial). Higher scores represent better outcomes. Total score ranges are affected by age and education.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=13 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
Controlled Oral Word Association Test (Benton, Hamsher, & Sivan, 1983)
Letters - Baseline
|
42.69 Number of words
Standard Deviation 11.828
|
44.75 Number of words
Standard Deviation 11.829
|
|
Controlled Oral Word Association Test (Benton, Hamsher, & Sivan, 1983)
Categories - Baseline
|
24.38 Number of words
Standard Deviation 6.423
|
27.0 Number of words
Standard Deviation 5.210
|
|
Controlled Oral Word Association Test (Benton, Hamsher, & Sivan, 1983)
Letters - 6-Months
|
47.000 Number of words
Standard Deviation 12.288
|
48.571 Number of words
Standard Deviation 11.559
|
|
Controlled Oral Word Association Test (Benton, Hamsher, & Sivan, 1983)
Categories - 6-Months
|
23.667 Number of words
Standard Deviation 3.786
|
23.429 Number of words
Standard Deviation 3.101
|
|
Controlled Oral Word Association Test (Benton, Hamsher, & Sivan, 1983)
Letters - 3-Months
|
40.00 Number of words
Standard Deviation 14.169
|
46.0 Number of words
Standard Deviation 10.017
|
|
Controlled Oral Word Association Test (Benton, Hamsher, & Sivan, 1983)
Categories - 3-Months
|
22.667 Number of words
Standard Deviation 6.614
|
21.143 Number of words
Standard Deviation 6.669
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: change from baseline to 3 and 6 monthsPopulation: Due to drop-out and COVID precautions, there were less participants who completed measures at 3- and 6-Month follow-ups
Measures visual tracking, processing speed, and executive functioning. Scores represent the amount of time to complete the task (in seconds), range from 10-366, and higher numbers represent worse outcomes.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=13 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
Halstead Reitan Trailmaking Test (Trails A & B; Reitan & Wolfson, 1985)
Trails A - Baseline
|
26.62 Seconds
Standard Deviation 4.840
|
22.50 Seconds
Standard Deviation 9.071
|
|
Halstead Reitan Trailmaking Test (Trails A & B; Reitan & Wolfson, 1985)
Trails B - 6-Month
|
38.0 Seconds
Standard Deviation 0
|
45.286 Seconds
Standard Deviation 9.411
|
|
Halstead Reitan Trailmaking Test (Trails A & B; Reitan & Wolfson, 1985)
Trails B - Baseline
|
58.85 Seconds
Standard Deviation 12.089
|
50.63 Seconds
Standard Deviation 10.542
|
|
Halstead Reitan Trailmaking Test (Trails A & B; Reitan & Wolfson, 1985)
Trails A - 3-Month
|
22.125 Seconds
Standard Deviation 6.999
|
20.0 Seconds
Standard Deviation 6.481
|
|
Halstead Reitan Trailmaking Test (Trails A & B; Reitan & Wolfson, 1985)
Trails B - 3-Month
|
46.5 Seconds
Standard Deviation 9.15
|
45.0 Seconds
Standard Deviation 15.663
|
|
Halstead Reitan Trailmaking Test (Trails A & B; Reitan & Wolfson, 1985)
Trails A - 6-Month
|
12.0 Seconds
Standard Deviation 0
|
20.571 Seconds
Standard Deviation 6.554
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: change from baseline to 3 and 6 monthsPopulation: Due to drop-out and COVID precautions, there were less participants who completed measures at 3- and 6-Month follow-ups
Self-report measure of quality of life and global functioning. Higher scores represent worse outcomes. Total score ranges from 0-144.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=11 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale (WHODAS 2.0)
Baseline
|
63.727 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 22.136
|
43.125 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 26.167
|
|
World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale (WHODAS 2.0)
3-Month
|
51.286 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 27.066
|
42.5 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 40.435
|
|
World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale (WHODAS 2.0)
6-Month
|
65.4 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 43.964
|
52.6 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 15.534
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: change from baseline to 3 and 6 monthsPopulation: Due to drop-out and COVID precautions, there were less participants who completed measures at 3- and 6-Month follow-ups
Self-report measure of quality of life, cognitive functioning, sleep functioning, and social functioning. Higher scores represent lower functioning. Total scores range from 52 to 260.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=13 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QOL): Cognitive, Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities, and Sleep Scales
6-Months
|
100.6 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 30.867
|
92.857 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 27.267
|
|
Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QOL): Cognitive, Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities, and Sleep Scales
Baseline
|
76.00 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 16.703
|
99.88 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 31.904
|
|
Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QOL): Cognitive, Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities, and Sleep Scales
3-Months
|
88.375 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 19.175
|
92.00 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 43.772
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: change from baseline to 3 and 6 monthsPopulation: Due to drop-out and COVID precautions, there were less participants who completed measures at 3- and 6-Month follow-ups
A 44-item self-report questionnaire that rates the extent of use of various strategies to improve memory performance relevant to daily living. Higher scores represent better outcomes. Total score ranges from 0-176.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=13 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
Memory Compensation Questionnaire (MCQ; de Frias & Dixon, 2005)
3-Month
|
91.125 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 22.106
|
86.25 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 47.528
|
|
Memory Compensation Questionnaire (MCQ; de Frias & Dixon, 2005)
6-Month
|
104.4 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 48.190
|
91.143 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 38.507
|
|
Memory Compensation Questionnaire (MCQ; de Frias & Dixon, 2005)
Baseline
|
105.38 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 26.943
|
101.88 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 30.954
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: change from baseline to 3 and 6 monthsPopulation: Due to drop-out and COVID precautions, there were less participants who completed measures at 3- and 6-Month follow-ups
Measures compensatory cognitive strategy use through two scales; how often skills are used and how useful. Higher scores represent more skill use and more perceived usefulness. Total score ranges from 0-60 per scale.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=13 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
Portland Cognitive Strategies Scale 2.0 (PCSS)
Often - 3-Months
|
31.182 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 21.042
|
31.167 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 21.170
|
|
Portland Cognitive Strategies Scale 2.0 (PCSS)
Useful - 3-Months
|
30.875 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.800
|
29.00 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.708
|
|
Portland Cognitive Strategies Scale 2.0 (PCSS)
Often - 6-Months
|
45.0 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.823
|
44.833 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 8.565
|
|
Portland Cognitive Strategies Scale 2.0 (PCSS)
Useful - 6-Months
|
32.8 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.087
|
30.833 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.446
|
|
Portland Cognitive Strategies Scale 2.0 (PCSS)
Often - Baseline
|
36.46 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 14.033
|
45.88 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 8.202
|
|
Portland Cognitive Strategies Scale 2.0 (PCSS)
Useful - Baseline
|
29.42 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.915
|
33.63 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.984
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: change from baseline to 3 and 6 monthsPopulation: Due to drop-out and COVID precautions, there were less participants who completed measures at 3- and 6-Month follow-ups
Measures attention, working memory, processing speed, and reliable digit span validity. Higher scores represent better outcomes. Scores on each subtest (forward, backward, and sequential) range from 0-16 and are reported as WAIS Scaled Scores. Total score (range 0-48) is the sum of each subtest.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=13 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Digit Span Subtest (Wechsler, 2008)
Baseline
|
27.62 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 3.664
|
28.88 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 6.728
|
|
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Digit Span Subtest (Wechsler, 2008)
3-Months
|
29.4 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 4.858
|
32.33 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 1.21
|
|
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Digit Span Subtest (Wechsler, 2008)
6-Months
|
32.0 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 6.557
|
31.571 score on a measure
Standard Deviation 4.577
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: change from baseline to 3 and 6 monthsPopulation: Due to drop-out and COVID precautions, there were less participants who completed measures at 3- and 6-Month follow-ups
PTSD symptoms and severity. Higher scores indicates more severe symptomology. Total score ranges from 0-80.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=13 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
PTSD Checklist (PCL-5; Weathers et al., 2013)
Baseline
|
41.31 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 18.287
|
34.75 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 24.259
|
|
PTSD Checklist (PCL-5; Weathers et al., 2013)
3-Months
|
36.375 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 16.792
|
20.0 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 27.785
|
|
PTSD Checklist (PCL-5; Weathers et al., 2013)
6-Months
|
29.0 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 23.548
|
34.571 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 19.890
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: change from baseline to 3 and 6 monthsPopulation: Due to drop-out and COVID precautions, there were less participants who completed measures at 3- and 6-Month follow-ups
A brief, nine-item depression assessment questionnaire used to screen for depression and monitor its severity. Higher scores represent worse outcomes. Total score ranges from 0-27.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
n=13 Participants
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT): Compensatory Cognitive Training draws from the theoretical literature on compensatory strategy training for other cognitively impaired populations (e.g., Huckans et al., 2013; Twamley et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2016). It is a rehabilitation model that aims to teach individuals strategies that allow them to work around cognitive deficits. Consistent with this model and the expert recommendations for civilians and Service members with TBI (Cicerone, 2011), manualized CCT treatment provides training in compensatory attention and learning/memory skills, formal problem-solving strategies applied to daily problems, and the use of external aids such as calendar systems and assistive devices to promote completion of daily tasks (Storzbach et al., 2016).
|
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
n=8 Participants
Treatment as Usual (TAU): All TAU participants have an ongoing VA mental health provider and received ongoing mental health care during the course of the study (generally weekly individual or group sessions focusing on evidence-based PTSD treatment).
|
|---|---|---|
|
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Spitzer, Kroenke, & Williams, 1999)
6-Months
|
19.4 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.127
|
21.571 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.743
|
|
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Spitzer, Kroenke, & Williams, 1999)
3-Months
|
19.5 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.155
|
19.0 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.424
|
|
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Spitzer, Kroenke, & Williams, 1999)
Baseline
|
22.23 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 8.228
|
22.25 Score on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.573
|
Adverse Events
Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Treatment as Usual (TAU)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Dr. Maya E. O'Neil, Principal Investigator
VA Portland Health Care System
Phone: 503-220-8262
Email: [email protected]
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place