MedTrace Logo

Trial Outcomes & Findings for Effect of Action Observation Training on Gait Variables and Global Cognitive Functions (NCT NCT03522389)

NCT ID: NCT03522389

Last Updated: 2025-07-03

Results Overview

Gait speed during the single-task condition was measured in meter per second while participants walked at a comfortable pace over a measurement platform without performing any secondary task. Higher gait speed values indicate better physical function and mobility, whereas lower values may reflect impaired motor performance or increased risk of functional decline. Unit of Measure: meters per second (m/s)

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

NA

Target enrollment

39 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

Baseline (T1), After 4 weeks of training (T2), and 1-month follow-up (T3)

Results posted on

2025-07-03

Participant Flow

Of the 97 participants initially assessed for eligibility, 58 were excluded: 55 did not meet the inclusion criteria and 3 declined to participate. Therefore, 39 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of the three groups.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure
AOT With Gait Training Group
Action observation training with gait training AOT with gait training: AOT with gait training composes of program of watching video in different views of normal walk for 5 min. After that, participants will receive gait training program. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Gait Training Group
Gait training Gait training: To control a total time of training, the gait training group will watch video of Vincent van Gogh's painting for 5 min. After that, participants will training the gait as protocol of experimental group. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Control Group
Education Education: There will be no intervention exercise program provide for the control group. They will receive education about dementia such as definition, etiology, sign and symptom, and caring.
Overall Study
STARTED
13
13
13
Overall Study
COMPLETED
11
11
11
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
2
2
2

Reasons for withdrawal

Reasons for withdrawal
Measure
AOT With Gait Training Group
Action observation training with gait training AOT with gait training: AOT with gait training composes of program of watching video in different views of normal walk for 5 min. After that, participants will receive gait training program. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Gait Training Group
Gait training Gait training: To control a total time of training, the gait training group will watch video of Vincent van Gogh's painting for 5 min. After that, participants will training the gait as protocol of experimental group. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Control Group
Education Education: There will be no intervention exercise program provide for the control group. They will receive education about dementia such as definition, etiology, sign and symptom, and caring.
Overall Study
Lost to Follow-up
1
1
2
Overall Study
had herniated nucleus pulposus
0
1
0
Overall Study
go to work in other province
1
0
0

Baseline Characteristics

Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure
AOT With Gait Training Group
n=11 Participants
Action observation training with gait training AOT with gait training: AOT with gait training composes of program of watching video in different views of normal walk for 5 min. After that, participants will receive gait training program. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Gait Training Group
n=11 Participants
Gait training Gait training: To control a total time of training, the gait training group will watch video of Vincent van Gogh's painting for 5 min. After that, participants will training the gait as protocol of experimental group. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Control Group
n=11 Participants
Education Education: There will be no intervention exercise program provide for the control group. They will receive education about dementia such as definition, etiology, sign and symptom, and caring.
Total
n=33 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous
67.64 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.64 • n=11 Participants
67.50 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.60 • n=11 Participants
65.71 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.45 • n=11 Participants
66.92 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.43 • n=33 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Female
9 Participants
n=11 Participants
8 Participants
n=11 Participants
8 Participants
n=11 Participants
25 Participants
n=33 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Male
2 Participants
n=11 Participants
3 Participants
n=11 Participants
3 Participants
n=11 Participants
8 Participants
n=33 Participants
Race and Ethnicity Not Collected
—
—
—
0 Participants
Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.
Body mass index
24.08 kg/m^2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.19 • n=11 Participants
24.71 kg/m^2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.69 • n=11 Participants
25.38 kg/m^2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.80 • n=11 Participants
24.72 kg/m^2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.57 • n=33 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline (T1), After 4 weeks of training (T2), and 1-month follow-up (T3)

Gait speed during the single-task condition was measured in meter per second while participants walked at a comfortable pace over a measurement platform without performing any secondary task. Higher gait speed values indicate better physical function and mobility, whereas lower values may reflect impaired motor performance or increased risk of functional decline. Unit of Measure: meters per second (m/s)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control Group
n=11 Participants
Education Education: There will be no intervention exercise program provide for the control group. They will receive education about dementia such as definition, etiology, sign and symptom, and caring.
AOT With Gait Training Group
n=11 Participants
Action observation training with gait training AOT with gait training: AOT with gait training composes of program of watching video in different views of normal walk for 5 min. After that, participants will receive gait training program. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Gait Training Group
n=11 Participants
Gait training Gait training: To control a total time of training, the gait training group will watch video of Vincent van Gogh's painting for 5 min. After that, participants will training the gait as protocol of experimental group. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Gait Speed During the Single Task
After 4 weeks of training - Baseline (T2-T1)
0.00 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.08
0.17 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.10
0.09 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.12
Gait Speed During the Single Task
1-month follow-up - Baseline (T3-T1)
-0.01 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.10
0.15 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.09
0.12 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.08
Gait Speed During the Single Task
Baseline (T1)
0.88 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.15
0.86 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.16
0.94 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.14
Gait Speed During the Single Task
After 4 weeks of training (T2)
0.88 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.15
1.02 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.15
1.03 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.10
Gait Speed During the Single Task
1-month follow-up (T3)
0.87 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.17
1.01 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.15
1.06 m/s
Standard Deviation 0.10

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline (T1), After 4 weeks of training (T2), and 1-month follow-up (T3)

Gait speed during the dual-task condition was measured in meters per second (m/s), while participants walked at a comfortable pace over a measurement platform while simultaneously counting a number backward by 7. Higher gait speed values indicate better cognitive-motor performance, while lower values suggest impaired dual-task ability and potential functional or cognitive decline. Unit of Measure: meters per second (m/s).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control Group
n=11 Participants
Education Education: There will be no intervention exercise program provide for the control group. They will receive education about dementia such as definition, etiology, sign and symptom, and caring.
AOT With Gait Training Group
n=11 Participants
Action observation training with gait training AOT with gait training: AOT with gait training composes of program of watching video in different views of normal walk for 5 min. After that, participants will receive gait training program. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Gait Training Group
n=11 Participants
Gait training Gait training: To control a total time of training, the gait training group will watch video of Vincent van Gogh's painting for 5 min. After that, participants will training the gait as protocol of experimental group. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Gait Speed During the Dual Task
After 4 weeks of training - Baseline (T2-T1)
-0.02 m/s
Standard Error 0.07
0.17 m/s
Standard Error 0.07
0.12 m/s
Standard Error 0.13
Gait Speed During the Dual Task
1-month follow-up - Baseline (T3-T1)
0.04 m/s
Standard Error 0.10
0.15 m/s
Standard Error 0.08
0.12 m/s
Standard Error 0.13
Gait Speed During the Dual Task
Baseline (T1)
0.64 m/s
Standard Error 0.18
0.69 m/s
Standard Error 0.17
0.70 m/s
Standard Error 0.24
Gait Speed During the Dual Task
After 4 weeks of training (T2)
0.62 m/s
Standard Error 0.19
0.86 m/s
Standard Error 0.22
0.82 m/s
Standard Error 0.24
Gait Speed During the Dual Task
1-month follow-up (T3)
0.68 m/s
Standard Error 0.18
0.84 m/s
Standard Error 0.23
0.82 m/s
Standard Error 0.23

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline (T1), After 4 weeks of training (T2), and 1-month follow-up (T3)

Stride time variability during single task was measured while participants walked at a comfortable pace over a measurement platform. Stride time refers to the duration between successive heel contacts of the same foot. The variability of stride time was quantified using the coefficient of variation (CV), calculated as: (standard deviation of stride time / mean stride time) × 100. Higher CV values indicate greater variability in stride timing, which reflects reduced gait stability or impaired coordination. Lower CV values are considered better outcomes, indicating more stable and consistent gait. Unit of Measure: percentage of coefficient of variation (% Cov).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control Group
n=11 Participants
Education Education: There will be no intervention exercise program provide for the control group. They will receive education about dementia such as definition, etiology, sign and symptom, and caring.
AOT With Gait Training Group
n=11 Participants
Action observation training with gait training AOT with gait training: AOT with gait training composes of program of watching video in different views of normal walk for 5 min. After that, participants will receive gait training program. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Gait Training Group
n=11 Participants
Gait training Gait training: To control a total time of training, the gait training group will watch video of Vincent van Gogh's painting for 5 min. After that, participants will training the gait as protocol of experimental group. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Stride Time Variability During Single Task
After 4 weeks of training - Baseline (T2-T1)
0.20 %Cov
Standard Deviation 0.95
0.06 %Cov
Standard Deviation 1.49
0.01 %Cov
Standard Deviation 0.89
Stride Time Variability During Single Task
1-month follow-up - Baseline (T3-T1)
-0.34 %Cov
Standard Deviation 0.69
-0.09 %Cov
Standard Deviation 1.73
-0.05 %Cov
Standard Deviation 1.19
Stride Time Variability During Single Task
Baseline (T1)
2.67 %Cov
Standard Deviation 0.98
2.42 %Cov
Standard Deviation 1.15
1.85 %Cov
Standard Deviation 0.78
Stride Time Variability During Single Task
After 4 weeks of training (T2)
2.87 %Cov
Standard Deviation 1.21
2.48 %Cov
Standard Deviation 0.73
1.86 %Cov
Standard Deviation 0.71
Stride Time Variability During Single Task
1-month follow-up (T3)
2.33 %Cov
Standard Deviation 1.12
2.33 %Cov
Standard Deviation 0.89
1.80 %Cov
Standard Deviation 0.72

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline (T1), After 4 weeks of training (T2), and 1-month follow-up (T3)

Stride time variability during dual-task walking was measured while participants walked at a comfortable pace, together with counting a number backward by 7 over a measurement platform. Stride time refers to the duration between successive heel contacts of the same foot. The variability of stride time was quantified using the coefficient of variation (CV), calculated as: (standard deviation of stride time / mean stride time) × 100. Higher CV values indicate greater variability in stride timing, which reflects reduced gait stability or impaired motor-cognitive coordination. Lower CV values are considered better outcomes, indicating more stable and consistent gait. Unit of Measure: percentage of coefficient of variation (% Cov).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control Group
n=11 Participants
Education Education: There will be no intervention exercise program provide for the control group. They will receive education about dementia such as definition, etiology, sign and symptom, and caring.
AOT With Gait Training Group
n=11 Participants
Action observation training with gait training AOT with gait training: AOT with gait training composes of program of watching video in different views of normal walk for 5 min. After that, participants will receive gait training program. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Gait Training Group
n=11 Participants
Gait training Gait training: To control a total time of training, the gait training group will watch video of Vincent van Gogh's painting for 5 min. After that, participants will training the gait as protocol of experimental group. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Stride Time Variability During Dual Task
After 4 weeks of training - Baseline (T2-T1)
0.93 % Cov
Standard Deviation 3.18
-1.41 % Cov
Standard Deviation 2.50
-0.38 % Cov
Standard Deviation 2.63
Stride Time Variability During Dual Task
1-month follow-up - Baseline (T3-T1)
1.20 % Cov
Standard Deviation 3.55
-1.57 % Cov
Standard Deviation 2.76
-1.15 % Cov
Standard Deviation 1.90
Stride Time Variability During Dual Task
Baseline (T1)
5.41 % Cov
Standard Deviation 2.63
5.30 % Cov
Standard Deviation 3.90
5.34 % Cov
Standard Deviation 4.93
Stride Time Variability During Dual Task
After 4 weeks of training (T2)
6.34 % Cov
Standard Deviation 4.40
3.89 % Cov
Standard Deviation 2.29
4.95 % Cov
Standard Deviation 5.95
Stride Time Variability During Dual Task
1-month follow-up (T3)
6.61 % Cov
Standard Deviation 3.74
3.73 % Cov
Standard Deviation 2.06
4.19 % Cov
Standard Deviation 4.85

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline (T1), After 4 weeks of training (T2), and 1-month follow-up (T3)

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a global cognitive screening tool designed to assess multiple cognitive domains, including attention, memory, language, visuospatial skills, executive function, and orientation. The test consists of 30 points in total and ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function. Unit of Measure: scores.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control Group
n=11 Participants
Education Education: There will be no intervention exercise program provide for the control group. They will receive education about dementia such as definition, etiology, sign and symptom, and caring.
AOT With Gait Training Group
n=11 Participants
Action observation training with gait training AOT with gait training: AOT with gait training composes of program of watching video in different views of normal walk for 5 min. After that, participants will receive gait training program. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Gait Training Group
n=11 Participants
Gait training Gait training: To control a total time of training, the gait training group will watch video of Vincent van Gogh's painting for 5 min. After that, participants will training the gait as protocol of experimental group. The program consists of warm-up, gait training, cool-down, and stretching. Gait training is classified into the different levels of difficulty in each week. The 1st week will be walking over the markers followed by 100 steps/min of metronome. The second week will be walking over the markers followed by 120 step/min of metronome. The 3rd week will be walking followed by 120 step/min of metronome but not has the markers. The 4th week will imagine and imitate the walking in the 2nd week but not has the markers and metronome.
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
After 4 weeks of training - Baseline (T2-T1)
2.27 scores
Standard Deviation 1.90
2.45 scores
Standard Deviation 1.63
1.36 scores
Standard Deviation 2.69
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
1-month follow-up - Baseline (T3-T1)
2.36 scores
Standard Deviation 2.29
4.64 scores
Standard Deviation 1.86
2.36 scores
Standard Deviation 2.80
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
Baseline (T1)
22.18 scores
Standard Deviation 1.94
22.18 scores
Standard Deviation 1.47
22.64 scores
Standard Deviation 1.36
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
After 4 weeks of training (T2)
24.45 scores
Standard Deviation 2.91
24.64 scores
Standard Deviation 2.34
24.00 scores
Standard Deviation 2.86
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
1-month follow-up (T3)
24.54 scores
Standard Deviation 2.91
26.82 scores
Standard Deviation 2.04
25.00 scores
Standard Deviation 3.16

Adverse Events

AOT With Gait Training Group

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Gait Training Group

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Control Group

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Sunee Bovonsunthonchai

Mahidol University

Phone: 66855926144

Results disclosure agreements

  • Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
  • Publication restrictions are in place