The Influence of Breastfeeding on Cortical Activity During Procedures

Summary

Background: Even the healthiest infants undergo painful procedures as part of universal medical care. Untreated early pain is associated with heightened pain response during later procedures in infancy and alteration in response to pain in childhood. Oral sucrose is currently considered the standard of care for acute pain relief in infants. Compelling evidence from 57 randomized controlled trials suggests that oral sucrose reduces bio-behavioral pain response. However, recent data examining the influence of oral sucrose on pain-specific brain activity measured using electroencephalogram (EEG) questions the efficacy of this intervention for reducing pain in the infant brain. Evidence supports the effectiveness of breastfeeding as a pain relieving intervention, however, no studies to date have examined the effect of breastfeeding on pain-specific activity in the newborn brain.

Aims: The primary aim of this study is to examine the influence of breastfeeding in comparison to oral sucrose on pain-specific activity in the newborn brain during a heel lance. The secondary aim will be to determine if there is convergence among outcome measures in either of the intervention conditions.

Methods: Utilizing a single blind, randomized controlled trial design, 126 healthy term infants will be recruited within the first two days of life. Infants will be randomized to have a medically indicated heel lance completed in one of two possible conditions: 1) breastfeeding (n = 63) or 2) sucrose in an infant cot (n = 63). Infants will not be eligible for study participation if they show signs of lower limb tissue damage, have had previous surgery or intraventricular hemorrhage, are born to opioid using mothers or with significant genetic disorders, are unable to breastfeed, or have contraindications to sucrose administration. Pain-specific brain activity will be recorded on EEG for the duration of the blood collection. Infant facial response will be video recorded, and heart rate and oxygen saturation will be measured for calculation of Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) Score, a reliable and valid bio-behavioral measure of pain in infants' 26-44 weeks gestational age. For infants randomized to the breastfeeding condition, data collection will begin with recording of a one-minute baseline (BL1). Following this, a non-painful control stimulus will be applied to the infant's foot to capture a baseline response on EEG to a non-painful event. The infant will then be transferred to the mother and active breastfeeding will be facilitated. A second baseline (BL2) will be recorded prior to heel lance. Pain response will be recorded from the initiation of the heel lance until procedure completion. In the sucrose condition, all monitoring will take place while the infant is in a cot (considered standard of care). Procedures will be consistent with those outlined above with the exception of administration of 24% oral sucrose two minutes prior to the heel lance. Analysis and inference will be calculated based on the intention-to-treat principle. Data from the EEG recording will be grouped into basic waveforms using principal component analysis. Two one-way analysis of variances will be used to assess the effect of stimulation type (non-painful control, painful heel lance) and treatment (24% oral sucrose, breastfeeding) on the principal components. To assess for the effect of treatment on PIPP-R score, group means will be compared using unpaired Student's t-tests.

Hypotheses: Infants in the breastfeeding condition will demonstrate both lower pain-specific brain response and lower bio-behavioral pain scores than infants in the sucrose condition.

Significance: This will be the first study to examine the effect of breastfeeding on pain-specific brain response in infants. In light of the negative consequences of unmanaged pain in infants, it is imperative that effective pain relieving interventions are utilized. Given recent evidence questioning the analgesic properties of sucrose, findings will have important implications for informing optimal pain management practices in infants.

Conditions

• Pain
• Neonatal

Interventions

OTHER

Breastfeeding

Infants will be placed in skin-to-skin contact with their mother at least five minutes prior to heel lance to allow time to settle and initiate breastfeeding. Breastfeeding position will be determined based on individual maternal preference in order to optimize feeding as well as to facilitate ease of access to the infant's foot for blood collection, while also attempting to minimize disruption of continuous EEG, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and video recording. Active breastfeeding will be facilitated to ensure it takes place for a minimum of two minutes prior to heel lance, and will continue until the procedure is completed.

DRUG

24% oral sucrose

Administration of 24 percent oral sucrose will occur two minutes prior to the heel lance. Non-nutritive sucking will be offered using a gloved finger or pacifier (based on parental preference) immediately following administration of the complete 24 percent oral sucrose dose.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Dalhousie University

  collaborator OTHER

• IWK Health Centre

  collaborator OTHER

• Britney Benoit

  lead OTHER

Principal Investigators

• Britney L Benoit, MScN RN PhD(c) · Dalhousie University & IWK Health Centre

Study Design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

SINGLE

Model

PARALLEL

Eligibility

Max Age

72 Hours

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

No

Timeline & Regulatory

Start

2017-11-29

Primary Completion

2019-01-29

Completion

2019-01-29

Countries

• Canada

Study Locations