Trial Outcomes & Findings for Creatine, Carnitine and Carnosine in Vegetarians (NCT NCT03194334)

Results Overview

Fasted venous plasma beta-alanine concentration (precursor for carnosine) at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

NA

Target enrollment

40 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

6 months

Results posted on

2019-02-28

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Control continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
0-3 Months STARTED	10	15	15
0-3 Months COMPLETED	10	15	14
0-3 Months NOT COMPLETED	0	0	1
3-6 Months STARTED	10	15	14
3-6 Months COMPLETED	10	15	14
3-6 Months NOT COMPLETED	0	0	0

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Creatine, Carnitine and Carnosine in Vegetarians

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=15 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine	Total n=40 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	25.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9 • n=99 Participants	26.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.5 • n=107 Participants	25.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.6 • n=206 Participants	25.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.3 • n=7 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	10 Participants n=99 Participants	15 Participants n=107 Participants	15 Participants n=206 Participants	40 Participants n=7 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	0 Participants n=99 Participants	0 Participants n=107 Participants	0 Participants n=206 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants n=99 Participants	0 Participants n=107 Participants	0 Participants n=206 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	0 Participants n=99 Participants	0 Participants n=107 Participants	0 Participants n=206 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=99 Participants	0 Participants n=107 Participants	0 Participants n=206 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	0 Participants n=99 Participants	0 Participants n=107 Participants	0 Participants n=206 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	10 Participants n=99 Participants	15 Participants n=107 Participants	15 Participants n=206 Participants	40 Participants n=7 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	0 Participants n=99 Participants	0 Participants n=107 Participants	0 Participants n=206 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=99 Participants	0 Participants n=107 Participants	0 Participants n=206 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants
Region of Enrollment Belgium	10 Participants n=99 Participants	15 Participants n=107 Participants	15 Participants n=206 Participants	40 Participants n=7 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

Fasted venous plasma beta-alanine concentration (precursor for carnosine) at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Fasted Plasma Beta-alanine Concentration Basline	3.37 µM Standard Deviation 1.96	5.19 µM Standard Deviation 2.26	4.56 µM Standard Deviation 2.74
Fasted Plasma Beta-alanine Concentration 3 months	3.76 µM Standard Deviation 2.58	5.11 µM Standard Deviation 1.99	5.8 µM Standard Deviation 3.24
Fasted Plasma Beta-alanine Concentration 6 months	3.9 µM Standard Deviation 2.88	5.59 µM Standard Deviation 2.63	5.42 µM Standard Deviation 3.99

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

Gastrocnemius carnosine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Gastrocnemius Carnosine Concentration Baseline	5.18 mM Standard Deviation 1.21	5.16 mM Standard Deviation 1.46	5.1 mM Standard Deviation 1.61
Gastrocnemius Carnosine Concentration 3 months	5.58 mM Standard Deviation 0.97	5.55 mM Standard Deviation 1.4	6.55 mM Standard Deviation 1.53
Gastrocnemius Carnosine Concentration 6 months	5.68 mM Standard Deviation 1.07	5.81 mM Standard Deviation 1.82	7.19 mM Standard Deviation 2.11

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

Soleus carnosine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Soleus Carnosine Concentration Baseline	3.91 mM Standard Deviation 0.43	3.53 mM Standard Deviation 0.94	3.7 mM Standard Deviation 1.08
Soleus Carnosine Concentration 3 months	3.84 mM Standard Deviation 0.74	3.36 mM Standard Deviation 0.97	4.72 mM Standard Deviation 1.11
Soleus Carnosine Concentration 6 months	4.0 mM Standard Deviation 0.72	3.65 mM Standard Deviation 1.38	4.67 mM Standard Deviation 1.38

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

Plasma creatine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Plasma Creatine Concentration Baseline	35.7 µmol/L Standard Deviation 19.8	29.7 µmol/L Standard Deviation 15.3	27.3 µmol/L Standard Deviation 9.6
Plasma Creatine Concentration 3 months	28.1 µmol/L Standard Deviation 11.9	15.8 µmol/L Standard Deviation 10.0	56.9 µmol/L Standard Deviation 36.3
Plasma Creatine Concentration 6 months	40.6 µmol/L Standard Deviation 21.6	16.1 µmol/L Standard Deviation 7.9	80.7 µmol/L Standard Deviation 65.7

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

Plasma creatinine at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Plasma Creatinine Concentration Baseline	97.33 µmol/L Standard Deviation 7.8	79.49 µmol/L Standard Deviation 29.09	79.9 µmol/L Standard Deviation 15.83
Plasma Creatinine Concentration 3 months	96.62 µmol/L Standard Deviation 15.1	85.68 µmol/L Standard Deviation 30.94	78.47 µmol/L Standard Deviation 17.8
Plasma Creatinine Concentration 6 months	96.18 µmol/L Standard Deviation 17.5	75.41 µmol/L Standard Deviation 26.35	88.13 µmol/L Standard Deviation 17.09

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

Plasma guanidinoacetate at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Plasma Guanidinoacetate Concentration Baseline	2.23 µmol/L Standard Deviation 0.49	2.06 µmol/L Standard Deviation 0.59	1.95 µmol/L Standard Deviation 0.52
Plasma Guanidinoacetate Concentration 3 months	2.2 µmol/L Standard Deviation 0.55	2.05 µmol/L Standard Deviation 0.63	1.87 µmol/L Standard Deviation 0.72
Plasma Guanidinoacetate Concentration 6 months	2.42 µmol/L Standard Deviation 0.92	2.0 µmol/L Standard Deviation 0.63	1.75 µmol/L Standard Deviation 0.67

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

Urinary creatinine at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Urinary Creatinine Concentration Baseline	1298.62 mg/24h Standard Deviation 269.46	1235.99 mg/24h Standard Deviation 233.05	1254.65 mg/24h Standard Deviation 243.38
Urinary Creatinine Concentration 3 months	1258.78 mg/24h Standard Deviation 680.31	1034.3 mg/24h Standard Deviation 220.92	1279.41 mg/24h Standard Deviation 215.92
Urinary Creatinine Concentration 6 months	990.25 mg/24h Standard Deviation 298.77	941.71 mg/24h Standard Deviation 114.46	1090.67 mg/24h Standard Deviation 235.57

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3 months

Muscle total creatine concentration in vastus lateralis muscle at 0 and 3 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Muscle Creatine Concentration Baseline	133.2 mmol/kg Standard Deviation 11.6	153.5 mmol/kg Standard Deviation 24.0	128.2 mmol/kg Standard Deviation 14.9
Muscle Creatine Concentration 3 months	142.2 mmol/kg Standard Deviation 12.7	128.8 mmol/kg Standard Deviation 11.6	140.7 mmol/kg Standard Deviation 17.4

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

plasma free carnitine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Plasma Carnitine Concentration Baseline	30.81 µmol/L Standard Deviation 6.6	29.82 µmol/L Standard Deviation 4.45	28.39 µmol/L Standard Deviation 6.38
Plasma Carnitine Concentration 3 months	28.7 µmol/L Standard Deviation 6.11	26.45 µmol/L Standard Deviation 6.21	25.71 µmol/L Standard Deviation 6.22
Plasma Carnitine Concentration 6 months	31.71 µmol/L Standard Deviation 6.75	28.23 µmol/L Standard Deviation 4.88	27.31 µmol/L Standard Deviation 7.8

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

plasma acetylcarnitine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Plasma Acetylcarnitine Concentration Baseline	8.49 µmol/L Standard Deviation 2.24	7.71 µmol/L Standard Deviation 1.95	8.09 µmol/L Standard Deviation 1.98
Plasma Acetylcarnitine Concentration 3 months	6.82 µmol/L Standard Deviation 1.31	6.93 µmol/L Standard Deviation 1.78	6.77 µmol/L Standard Deviation 1.33
Plasma Acetylcarnitine Concentration 6 months	7.15 µmol/L Standard Deviation 1.41	7.54 µmol/L Standard Deviation 1.67	7.15 µmol/L Standard Deviation 3.16

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

plasma total carnitine concentration (free + acetyl) at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Plasma Total Carnitine Concentration Baseline	41.58 µmol/L Standard Deviation 6.97	40.85 µmol/L Standard Deviation 7.42	40.24 µmol/L Standard Deviation 5.75
Plasma Total Carnitine Concentration 3 months	37.96 µmol/L Standard Deviation 6.44	36.16 µmol/L Standard Deviation 7.83	35.9 µmol/L Standard Deviation 5.48
Plasma Total Carnitine Concentration 6 months	41.25 µmol/L Standard Deviation 8.02	38.58 µmol/L Standard Deviation 6.45	37.87 µmol/L Standard Deviation 9.51

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3 months

muscle free carnitine concentration in vastus lateralis muscle at 0 and 3 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Muscle Carnitine Concentration Baseline	13.1 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 4.0	12.1 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 4.1	10.7 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 2.8
Muscle Carnitine Concentration 3 months	11.5 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 2.9	11.5 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 4.9	9.7 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 3.2

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3 months

muscle acetylcarnitine concentration in vastus lateralis muscle at 0 and 3 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Muscle Acetylcarnitine Concentration Baseline	3.3 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 3.2	4.2 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 2.4	3.3 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 2.9
Muscle Acetylcarnitine Concentration 3 months	3.6 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 1.9	3.5 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 4.1	3.2 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 2.5

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3 months

muscle total carnitine concentration (free + acetylcarnitine) in vastus lateralis muscle at 0 and 3 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Muscle Total Carnitine Concentration 3 months	15.5 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 3.2	13.6 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 2.3	12.7 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 2.2
Muscle Total Carnitine Concentration Baseline	16.5 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 2.4	16.3 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 3.5	13.9 mmol/kg dry weight Standard Deviation 2.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Vitamin D Status Baseline	32.7 ng/ml Standard Deviation 13.6	29.1 ng/ml Standard Deviation 10.3	29.8 ng/ml Standard Deviation 8.9
Vitamin D Status 3 months	24.9 ng/ml Standard Deviation 10.0	22.7 ng/ml Standard Deviation 9.0	24.6 ng/ml Standard Deviation 7.8
Vitamin D Status 6 months	34.6 ng/ml Standard Deviation 14.1	30.1 ng/ml Standard Deviation 10.8	31.1 ng/ml Standard Deviation 9.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

urinary pi-methyl-histidine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Urinary Biomarker for Meat Intake: Pi-methyl-histidine Baseline	161.9 mg/24h Standard Deviation 111.2	167.4 mg/24h Standard Deviation 145.3	212.9 mg/24h Standard Deviation 201.0
Urinary Biomarker for Meat Intake: Pi-methyl-histidine 3 months	117.8 mg/24h Standard Deviation 124.8	26.4 mg/24h Standard Deviation 10.7	28.7 mg/24h Standard Deviation 9.1
Urinary Biomarker for Meat Intake: Pi-methyl-histidine 6 months	122.5 mg/24h Standard Deviation 168.8	15.1 mg/24h Standard Deviation 4.7	18.0 mg/24h Standard Deviation 6.7

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

urinary tau-methyl-histidine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Urinary Biomarker for Meat Intake: Tau-methyl-histidine Baseline	55.2 mg/24h Standard Deviation 25.3	63.1 mg/24h Standard Deviation 20.0	63.0 mg/24h Standard Deviation 22.3
Urinary Biomarker for Meat Intake: Tau-methyl-histidine 3 months	74.6 mg/24h Standard Deviation 61.6	43.1 mg/24h Standard Deviation 15.3	46.1 mg/24h Standard Deviation 16.0
Urinary Biomarker for Meat Intake: Tau-methyl-histidine 6 months	42.6 mg/24h Standard Deviation 21.5	27.6 mg/24h Standard Deviation 7.1	26.5 mg/24h Standard Deviation 8.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

urinary anserine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Urinary Biomarker for Meat Intake: Anserine Baseline	15.0 mg/24h Standard Deviation 14.3	9.2 mg/24h Standard Deviation 7.9	10.7 mg/24h Standard Deviation 12.9
Urinary Biomarker for Meat Intake: Anserine 3 months	9.5 mg/24h Standard Deviation 7.4	5.5 mg/24h Standard Deviation 2.9	4.4 mg/24h Standard Deviation 2.2
Urinary Biomarker for Meat Intake: Anserine 6 months	11.6 mg/24h Standard Deviation 23.2	4.0 mg/24h Standard Deviation 1.9	2.6 mg/24h Standard Deviation 1.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

VO2max during incremental cycling test performed at 0, 3 and 6 months

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
VO2max Baseline	40.4 ml/min/kg Standard Deviation 6.4	39.4 ml/min/kg Standard Deviation 6.4	36.6 ml/min/kg Standard Deviation 6.3
VO2max 3 months	39.0 ml/min/kg Standard Deviation 8.8	37.8 ml/min/kg Standard Deviation 8.0	34.8 ml/min/kg Standard Deviation 4.7
VO2max 6 months	39.4 ml/min/kg Standard Deviation 6.9	38.1 ml/min/kg Standard Deviation 6.6	34.5 ml/min/kg Standard Deviation 4.9

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

Time to exhaustion during incremental cycling test performed at 0, 3 and 6 months

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Time to Exhaustion Baseline	14.5 minutes Standard Deviation 1.9	15.1 minutes Standard Deviation 2.7	13.8 minutes Standard Deviation 2.6
Time to Exhaustion 3 months	14.0 minutes Standard Deviation 3.0	14.7 minutes Standard Deviation 2.5	13.6 minutes Standard Deviation 2.4
Time to Exhaustion 6 months	14.6 minutes Standard Deviation 2.2	15.0 minutes Standard Deviation 2.5	13.8 minutes Standard Deviation 2.9

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

capillary lactate at the start and at the end of the incremental cycling test performed at 0, 3 and 6 months

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Capillary Lactate Baseline - start	1.9 mmol/L Standard Deviation 0.5	2.0 mmol/L Standard Deviation 0.7	1.8 mmol/L Standard Deviation 0.8
Capillary Lactate Baseline - end	10.7 mmol/L Standard Deviation 1.6	12.4 mmol/L Standard Deviation 4.2	10.7 mmol/L Standard Deviation 2.7
Capillary Lactate 3 months - start	2.4 mmol/L Standard Deviation 1.0	2.0 mmol/L Standard Deviation 0.9	2.2 mmol/L Standard Deviation 0.9
Capillary Lactate 3 months - end	11.4 mmol/L Standard Deviation 2.6	14.1 mmol/L Standard Deviation 2.1	12.2 mmol/L Standard Deviation 2.3
Capillary Lactate 6 months - start	2.0 mmol/L Standard Deviation 0.5	1.7 mmol/L Standard Deviation 0.4	2.2 mmol/L Standard Deviation 1.1
Capillary Lactate 6 months - end	12.1 mmol/L Standard Deviation 2.0	12.7 mmol/L Standard Deviation 1.1	13.1 mmol/L Standard Deviation 2.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months

capillary pH at the start and at the end of the incremental cycling test performed at 0, 3 and 6 months

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Control n=10 Participants continued their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study	Veg+Pla n=15 Participants vegetarian + placebo: switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with placebo pills instead of beta-alanine and creatine Vegetarian diet Placebo: pills	Veg+Suppl n=14 Participants switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months and are supplemented with 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day Vegetarian diet creatine and beta-alanine
Capillary pH Baseline - start	7.4 pH Standard Deviation 0.02	7.41 pH Standard Deviation 0.02	7.42 pH Standard Deviation 0.02
Capillary pH Baseline - end	7.28 pH Standard Deviation 0.03	7.24 pH Standard Deviation 0.07	7.28 pH Standard Deviation 0.06
Capillary pH 3 months - start	7.4 pH Standard Deviation 0.03	7.42 pH Standard Deviation 0.03	7.41 pH Standard Deviation 0.01
Capillary pH 3 months - end	7.27 pH Standard Deviation 0.04	7.23 pH Standard Deviation 0.04	7.26 pH Standard Deviation 0.04
Capillary pH 6 months - start	7.42 pH Standard Deviation 0.04	7.43 pH Standard Deviation 0.02	7.43 pH Standard Deviation 0.01
Capillary pH 6 months - end	7.29 pH Standard Deviation 0.05	7.27 pH Standard Deviation 0.03	7.28 pH Standard Deviation 0.04

Adverse Events

Control

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Veg+Pla

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Veg+Suppl

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Prof. Wim Derave

University Ghent

Phone: +32/9/2646326

Email: [email protected]

Results disclosure agreements

Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
Publication restrictions are in place