Trial Outcomes & Findings for Measuring the Preferences of Patients With Type II Diabetes Using Best-worst Scaling and Discrete Choice Experiment (NCT NCT02637622)
NCT ID: NCT02637622
Last Updated: 2024-11-29
Results Overview
Preference estimate for each medicine attribute level from a conditional logit regression analysis. For each arm, there were six attributes of the medication, with 3 levels each. Within each attribute the parameter estimates for each of the levels sum to 0. If a parameter estimate for a level is above (below) 0 then the parameter is higher (lower) than average for that medication attribute.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Target enrollment
1103 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
One-time survey
Results posted on
2024-11-29
Participant Flow
The survey was conducted through GfK KnowledgePanel. Eligible members were invited by email to participate in the survey. All participants were required to be 18 years or older with self-reported physician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes and able to read English or Spanish. African Americans and Latinos were oversampled.
638 respondents (34%) did not respond to the survey and 139 people among those who responded (11%) were excluded based on the screening questions.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Best-Worst Scaling (Case 2)
Preference measured by best-worst scaling (case 2)
Best-Worst Scaling (Case 2): Respondents receive questions asking them to choose the best and worst features of a hypothetical medication.
|
Discrete Choice Experiment
Preference measured by discrete choice experiment
Discrete Choice Experiment: Respondents receive questions asking them to choose the medication they prefer between a pair of hypothetical medications.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
551
|
552
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
551
|
552
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Measuring the Preferences of Patients With Type II Diabetes Using Best-worst Scaling and Discrete Choice Experiment
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Best-Worst Scaling (BWS) (Case 2)
n=551 Participants
Preference measured by best-worst scaling (case 2)
Best-Worst Scaling (Case 2): Respondents receive questions asking them to choose the best and worst features of a hypothetical medication.
|
Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE)
n=552 Participants
Preference measured by discrete choice experiment
Discrete Choice Experiment: Respondents receive questions asking them to choose the medication they prefer between a pair of hypothetical medications.
|
Total
n=1103 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
62.55 years
n=99 Participants
|
61.30 years
n=107 Participants
|
61.93 years
n=206 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
274 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
279 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
553 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
277 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
273 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
550 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
White, Non-Hispanic
|
286 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
289 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
575 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Black, Non-Hispanic
|
128 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
126 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
254 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Other, Non-Hispanic
|
20 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
18 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
38 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Hispanic
|
117 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
119 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
236 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
|
551 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
552 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
1103 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Education
Less than high school
|
39 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
43 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
82 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Education
High school
|
174 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
188 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
362 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Education
Some college
|
182 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
156 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
338 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Education
Bachelor's degree or higher
|
156 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
165 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
321 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Income
Less than $25,000
|
141 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
132 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
273 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Income
$25,000 - $49,999
|
160 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
148 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
308 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Income
$50,000 - $74,999
|
111 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
111 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
222 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Income
$75,000 and above
|
139 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
161 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
300 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Years of diagnosis
|
11.47 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.26 • n=99 Participants
|
11.24 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.81 • n=107 Participants
|
11.35 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.03 • n=206 Participants
|
|
Self-reported health
Excellent
|
27 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
33 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
60 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Self-reported health
Very good
|
158 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
158 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
316 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Self-reported health
Good
|
233 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
232 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
465 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Self-reported health
Fair
|
103 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
106 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
209 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Self-reported health
Poor
|
30 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
23 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
53 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
No. of hypoglycemic events in the past 6 months
None
|
278 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
293 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
571 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
No. of hypoglycemic events in the past 6 months
1 time
|
80 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
80 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
160 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
No. of hypoglycemic events in the past 6 months
2-5 times
|
144 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
134 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
278 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
No. of hypoglycemic events in the past 6 months
More than 5 times
|
49 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
45 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
94 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
No. of HbA1c level measured in past 6 months
None
|
31 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
41 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
72 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
No. of HbA1c level measured in past 6 months
1 time
|
253 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
239 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
492 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
No. of HbA1c level measured in past 6 months
More than 2 times
|
246 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
261 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
507 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
No. of HbA1c level measured in past 6 months
Don't know
|
21 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
32 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Most recent HbA1c level
Over 9.0%
|
37 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
21 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
58 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Most recent HbA1c level
Over 8.0% but under 9.0%
|
46 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
59 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
105 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Most recent HbA1c level
Over 7.0% but under 8.0%
|
144 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
153 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
297 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Most recent HbA1c level
Under 7.0%
|
232 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
228 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
460 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Most recent HbA1c level
Don't know
|
92 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
91 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
183 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Type of diabetes medicine used
No prescription medicine
|
62 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
37 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
99 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Type of diabetes medicine used
Only pills
|
321 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
345 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
666 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Type of diabetes medicine used
Only injections/shots
|
48 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
42 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
90 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Type of diabetes medicine used
Pills and injections/shots
|
119 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
127 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
246 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Type of diabetes medicine used
Refused
|
1 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Complications
Yes
|
237 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
226 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
463 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Complications
No
|
314 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
326 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
640 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Other chronic conditions
Yes
|
461 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
460 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
921 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Other chronic conditions
No
|
90 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
92 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
182 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: One-time surveyPopulation: Respondents who completed the survey.
Preference estimate for each medicine attribute level from a conditional logit regression analysis. For each arm, there were six attributes of the medication, with 3 levels each. Within each attribute the parameter estimates for each of the levels sum to 0. If a parameter estimate for a level is above (below) 0 then the parameter is higher (lower) than average for that medication attribute.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Best-Worst Scaling (Case 2)
n=551 Participants
Preference measured by best-worst scaling (case 2) survey method
Best-Worst Scaling (Case 2): Respondents receive questions asking them to choose the best and worst features of a hypothetical medication.
|
Discrete Choice Experiment
n=552 Participants
Preference measured by discrete choice experiment
Discrete Choice Experiment: Respondents receive questions asking them to choose the medication they prefer between a pair of hypothetical medications.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
HbA1c decrease by 0.5%
|
0.284 utility of
Interval 0.18 to 0.387
|
0.261 utility of
Interval 0.165 to 0.358
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
HbA1c decrease by 0%
|
-1.267 utility of
Interval -1.369 to -1.165
|
-0.623 utility of
Interval -0.724 to -0.522
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
Hypoglycemia during the day
|
-0.145 utility of
Interval -0.224 to -0.065
|
0.104 utility of
Interval 0.016 to 0.193
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
No nausea
|
1.158 utility of
Interval 1.075 to 1.24
|
0.739 utility of
Interval 0.629 to 0.849
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
Nausea for 30 min/day
|
-0.262 utility of
Interval -0.345 to -0.179
|
0.236 utility of
Interval 0.162 to 0.31
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
Nausea for 90 min/day
|
-0.896 utility of
Interval -0.961 to -0.83
|
-0.975 utility of
Interval -1.084 to -0.866
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
1 pill/day
|
0.561 utility of
Interval 0.504 to 0.618
|
0.456 utility of
Interval 0.353 to 0.56
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
2 pills/day
|
0.128 utility of
Interval 0.054 to 0.202
|
0.348 utility of
Interval 0.23 to 0.467
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
1 pill and 1 injection/day
|
-0.689 utility of
Interval -0.763 to -0.614
|
-0.805 utility of
Interval -0.911 to -0.699
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
$10 out-of-pocket cost
|
0.900 utility of
Interval 0.821 to 0.98
|
0.550 utility of
Interval 0.405 to 0.696
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
$30 out-of-pocket cost
|
-0.051 utility of
Interval -0.134 to 0.032
|
0.077 utility of
Interval -0.116 to 0.271
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
$50 out-of-pocket cost
|
-0.850 utility of
Interval -0.919 to -0.78
|
-0.628 utility of
Interval -0.791 to -0.464
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
HbA1c decrease by 1%
|
0.983 utility of
Interval 0.903 to 1.064
|
0.362 utility of
Interval 0.254 to 0.47
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
HbA1c stable 6 days/week
|
0.859 utility of
Interval 0.789 to 0.928
|
0.395 utility of
Interval 0.303 to 0.488
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
HbA1c stable 4 days/week
|
-0.030 utility of
Interval -0.106 to 0.046
|
0.073 utility of
Interval -0.027 to 0.174
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
HbA1c stable 2 days/week
|
-0.828 utility of
Interval -0.894 to -0.762
|
-0.469 utility of
Interval -0.564 to -0.373
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
No hypoglycemia
|
0.640 utility of
Interval 0.562 to 0.718
|
0.325 utility of
Interval 0.243 to 0.406
|
|
Patient Medication Preference as Estimated by a Choice Model
Hypoglycemia during day and/or night
|
-0.495 utility of
Interval -0.562 to -0.428
|
-0.429 utility of
Interval -0.51 to -0.348
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: One-time surveyPopulation: Respondents who completed the survey.
Relative attribute importance (RAI) for each attribute in each arm measures the overall importance of that attribute. It is estimated by subtracting the lowest parameter estimate from the highest parameter estimate within each attribute. The RAI was then re-scaled on a 0 to 10 scale with 0 demonstrating no importance and 10 reflecting the most important attribute in each arm.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Best-Worst Scaling (Case 2)
n=551 Participants
Preference measured by best-worst scaling (case 2) survey method
Best-Worst Scaling (Case 2): Respondents receive questions asking them to choose the best and worst features of a hypothetical medication.
|
Discrete Choice Experiment
n=552 Participants
Preference measured by discrete choice experiment
Discrete Choice Experiment: Respondents receive questions asking them to choose the medication they prefer between a pair of hypothetical medications.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Weight Respondents Assign to Medication Attribute (Relative Attribute Importance) Assessed by a Choice Model
HbA1c decrease
|
10 units on a scale
Interval 9.54 to 10.46
|
5.745 units on a scale
Interval 5.182 to 6.308
|
|
Weight Respondents Assign to Medication Attribute (Relative Attribute Importance) Assessed by a Choice Model
Duration of stable HbA1c
|
7.496 units on a scale
Interval 7.159 to 7.833
|
5.040 units on a scale
Interval 4.453 to 5.626
|
|
Weight Respondents Assign to Medication Attribute (Relative Attribute Importance) Assessed by a Choice Model
Frequency of hypoglycemia
|
5.043 units on a scale
Interval 4.689 to 5.398
|
4.395 units on a scale
Interval 3.878 to 4.912
|
|
Weight Respondents Assign to Medication Attribute (Relative Attribute Importance) Assessed by a Choice Model
Duration of nausea
|
9.125 units on a scale
Interval 8.755 to 9.494
|
10 units on a scale
Interval 9.567 to 10.433
|
|
Weight Respondents Assign to Medication Attribute (Relative Attribute Importance) Assessed by a Choice Model
Treatment burden
|
5.553 units on a scale
Interval 5.225 to 5.88
|
7.358 units on a scale
Interval 6.668 to 8.048
|
|
Weight Respondents Assign to Medication Attribute (Relative Attribute Importance) Assessed by a Choice Model
Out-of-pocket cost
|
7.777 units on a scale
Interval 7.406 to 8.147
|
6.873 units on a scale
Interval 5.745 to 8.001
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: One-time surveyPopulation: Respondents who completed the survey.
Questions that asked the respondents to evaluate if the Best-Worst Scaling (BWS) or Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE tasks were easy to understand and answer.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Best-Worst Scaling (Case 2)
n=551 Participants
Preference measured by best-worst scaling (case 2) survey method
Best-Worst Scaling (Case 2): Respondents receive questions asking them to choose the best and worst features of a hypothetical medication.
|
Discrete Choice Experiment
n=552 Participants
Preference measured by discrete choice experiment
Discrete Choice Experiment: Respondents receive questions asking them to choose the medication they prefer between a pair of hypothetical medications.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
I found it easy to understand the questions · Strongly disagree
|
20 Participants
|
13 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
I found it easy to understand the questions · Disagree
|
49 Participants
|
36 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
I found it easy to understand the questions · Neither agree nor disagree
|
123 Participants
|
111 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
I found it easy to understand the questions · Agree
|
248 Participants
|
292 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
I found it easy to understand the questions · Strongly agree
|
105 Participants
|
99 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
I found it easy to understand the questions · Refused
|
6 Participants
|
1 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
I found it easy to answer all the questions · Strongly disagree
|
18 Participants
|
15 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
I found it easy to answer all the questions · Neither agree nor disagree
|
133 Participants
|
123 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
I found it easy to answer all the questions · Agree
|
225 Participants
|
262 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
I found it easy to answer all the questions · Strongly agree
|
94 Participants
|
89 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
I found it easy to answer all the questions · Refused
|
8 Participants
|
2 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
My answers are consistent with my preferences · Strongly disagree
|
8 Participants
|
12 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
My answers are consistent with my preferences · Disagree
|
9 Participants
|
13 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
My answers are consistent with my preferences · Neither agree nor disagree
|
82 Participants
|
83 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
My answers are consistent with my preferences · Agree
|
314 Participants
|
318 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
My answers are consistent with my preferences · Strongly agree
|
132 Participants
|
126 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
I found it easy to answer all the questions · Disagree
|
73 Participants
|
61 Participants
|
|
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions
My answers are consistent with my preferences · Refused
|
6 Participants
|
0 Participants
|
Adverse Events
Best-Worst Scaling (Case 2)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Discrete Choice Experiment
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
John FP Bridges
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Phone: 614-685-2543
Email: [email protected]
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place