Trial Outcomes & Findings for Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Cesarean Section (NCT NCT02289157)

NCT ID: NCT02289157

Last Updated: 2018-07-02

Results Overview

Number of Patients with Wound infection complications: hematoma, seroma, dehiscence, or Surgical Site Infection.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

NA

Target enrollment

441 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

Day of surgery to 30 days postoperative

Results posted on

2018-07-02

Participant Flow

Patients recruited in the Parkland Hospital Maternal-Fetal Medicine High Risk Clinic, on the Antepartum Floor, in Labor and Delivery, and in the preoperative holding area. January 2015 until July 2016. 850 screened. See Figure 1 Flow Diagram.

Patients were excluded for pre-specified exclusion criteria and if they delivered vaginally after consent was obtained. 850 patients were screened. 173 declined participation, 5 withdrew consent, 2 delivered at outside facility, 211 delivered vaginally, 10 did not meet inclusion criteria, and 8 not identified to be enrolled.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Overall Study
STARTED
222
219
Overall Study
No Post op Check or Follow up Phone Call
2
4
Overall Study
COMPLETED
222
219
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
0
0

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Cesarean Section

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=222 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=219 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Total
n=441 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous
29.1 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.1 • n=99 Participants
30.3 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.1 • n=107 Participants
29.7 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.1 • n=206 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Female
222 Participants
n=99 Participants
219 Participants
n=107 Participants
441 Participants
n=206 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Male
0 Participants
n=99 Participants
0 Participants
n=107 Participants
0 Participants
n=206 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Race Black
56 participants
n=99 Participants
60 participants
n=107 Participants
116 participants
n=206 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Race Hispanic
151 participants
n=99 Participants
146 participants
n=107 Participants
297 participants
n=206 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Race White
15 participants
n=99 Participants
13 participants
n=107 Participants
28 participants
n=206 Participants
Gestational age at delivery
38.6 weeks
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9 • n=99 Participants
38.7 weeks
STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.5 • n=107 Participants
38.6 weeks
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.5 • n=206 Participants
Parity
Parity 0
55 participants
n=99 Participants
42 participants
n=107 Participants
97 participants
n=206 Participants
Parity
Parity 1
64 participants
n=99 Participants
68 participants
n=107 Participants
132 participants
n=206 Participants
Parity
Parity 2
62 participants
n=99 Participants
57 participants
n=107 Participants
119 participants
n=206 Participants
Parity
Parity > 2
41 participants
n=99 Participants
52 participants
n=107 Participants
93 participants
n=206 Participants
BMI at Delivery
46.6 BMI = kg/meter^2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.0 • n=99 Participants
45.8 BMI = kg/meter^2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.8 • n=107 Participants
46.3 BMI = kg/meter^2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.2 • n=206 Participants
Tobacco use
18 participants
n=99 Participants
15 participants
n=107 Participants
33 participants
n=206 Participants
Chronic hypertension
40 participants
n=99 Participants
36 participants
n=107 Participants
76 participants
n=206 Participants
Insulin Requiring Diabetes
36 participants
n=99 Participants
24 participants
n=107 Participants
60 participants
n=206 Participants
Primary Cesarean
95 participants
n=99 Participants
80 participants
n=107 Participants
175 participants
n=206 Participants
Cesarean Priority
Scheduled
72 participants
n=99 Participants
72 participants
n=107 Participants
144 participants
n=206 Participants
Cesarean Priority
ASAP
141 participants
n=99 Participants
138 participants
n=107 Participants
279 participants
n=206 Participants
Cesarean Priority
Emergent
9 participants
n=99 Participants
9 participants
n=107 Participants
18 participants
n=206 Participants
Length of Surgery
84 minutes
n=99 Participants
80 minutes
n=107 Participants
82 minutes
n=206 Participants
Estimated blood loss
1181 ml
STANDARD_DEVIATION 294 • n=99 Participants
1136 ml
STANDARD_DEVIATION 285 • n=107 Participants
1159 ml
STANDARD_DEVIATION 291 • n=206 Participants
Midline skin incision
170 participants
n=99 Participants
158 participants
n=107 Participants
328 participants
n=206 Participants
Suture skin closure
210 Participants
n=99 Participants
211 Participants
n=107 Participants
421 Participants
n=206 Participants
Subcutaneous skin depth in cm
5.5 cm
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.3 • n=99 Participants
5.3 cm
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8 • n=107 Participants
5.4 cm
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.7 • n=206 Participants
Number subcutaneous layers closed
3 layers
n=99 Participants
3 layers
n=107 Participants
3 layers
n=206 Participants
Incision length in cm
14.5 cm
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.5 • n=99 Participants
14.6 cm
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9 • n=107 Participants
14.6 cm
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.7 • n=206 Participants
Patients in labor prior cesarean
44 Participants
n=99 Participants
32 Participants
n=107 Participants
76 Participants
n=206 Participants
Induction Labor
47 Participants
n=99 Participants
43 Participants
n=107 Participants
90 Participants
n=206 Participants
Ruptured Membranes
77 Participants
n=99 Participants
59 Participants
n=107 Participants
136 Participants
n=206 Participants
Chorioamnionitis
15 Participants
n=99 Participants
12 Participants
n=107 Participants
27 Participants
n=206 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Day of surgery to 30 days postoperative

Number of Patients with Wound infection complications: hematoma, seroma, dehiscence, or Surgical Site Infection.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=222 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=219 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Number of Participants With Wound Complication
37 Participants
42 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Day of Surgery to 30 days postoperative

Listing of different types of wound morbidity in the 2 cohorts: dehiscence, cellulitis, superficial SSI, deep SSI, organ space SSI

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=222 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=219 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Number of Participants With Classification of Wound Morbidity
Dehiscence
4 Participants
1 Participants
Number of Participants With Classification of Wound Morbidity
Cellulitis
12 Participants
16 Participants
Number of Participants With Classification of Wound Morbidity
Superficial incisional SSI
20 Participants
25 Participants
Number of Participants With Classification of Wound Morbidity
Deep incisional SSI
0 Participants
0 Participants
Number of Participants With Classification of Wound Morbidity
Organ space infection
1 Participants
0 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Length of Postoperative Stay

Number of Days in Hospital after Initial Surgery

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=222 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=219 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Length of Postoperative Stay
3 days
Interval 3.0 to 4.0
3 days
Interval 3.0 to 4.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: After dismissal and readmitted within 30 days for wound morbidity

Number of days in hospital after readmission for wound morbidity

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=222 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=219 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Length of Stay After Readmission
16 days
Interval 6.0 to 22.0
21 days
Interval 11.0 to 25.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day of surgery to 30 days postoperative

Number of emergency room visits made after initial discharge by the study (icNPT) and comparison groups.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=222 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=219 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Number of Patients With Emergency Room Visits After Discharge
No ER visits
190 Participants
190 Participants
Number of Patients With Emergency Room Visits After Discharge
1 ER visit
30 Participants
28 Participants
Number of Patients With Emergency Room Visits After Discharge
2 ER visits
2 Participants
1 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day of surgery to 30 days postoperative

Number of clinic visits made by patients after surgery concerning wound morbidity per patient

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=222 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=219 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Number of Patients With Number of Clinic Visits
1 visit
15 participants
15 participants
Number of Patients With Number of Clinic Visits
2 visits
4 participants
6 participants
Number of Patients With Number of Clinic Visits
3 visits
5 participants
2 participants
Number of Patients With Number of Clinic Visits
4 visits
1 participants
4 participants
Number of Patients With Number of Clinic Visits
5 visits
1 participants
0 participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day of Surgery to 30 days postoperative

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=222 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=219 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Number of Participants With Morbid Outcomes After Delivery
Readmission
12 Participants
9 Participants
Number of Participants With Morbid Outcomes After Delivery
Postoperative antimicrobials
33 Participants
39 Participants
Number of Participants With Morbid Outcomes After Delivery
Reoperation for I and D/Extirpation
14 Participants
10 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day of Surgery to 30 days postoperative

Cochran Mantel-Hanzel measures used to compare interactions between scheduled and unscheduled cesarean sections stratified by icNPT and standard dressing, for wound morbidity

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=37 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=42 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Number of Participants With Scheduled and Unscheduled Cesarean Section
Scheduled
12 Participants
12 Participants
Number of Participants With Scheduled and Unscheduled Cesarean Section
Unscheduled
25 Participants
30 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day of Surgery to 30 days postoperative

Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel test for interactions between pfannenstiel and midline abdominal incisions stratified by icNPT vs Standard dressing, for wound morbidity

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=37 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=42 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Number of Participants With Pfannenstiel Versus Midline Abdominal Incisions for Cesarian Section
pfannenstiel
3 Participants
8 Participants
Number of Participants With Pfannenstiel Versus Midline Abdominal Incisions for Cesarian Section
midline
34 Participants
34 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day of Surgery to 30 days postoperative

Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel measure used to compare interaction in icNPT and Standard dressing stratified by Ruptured vs Unruptured membranes

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=37 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=42 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Number of Patients With Ruptured and Unruptured Membranes Prior to Cesarean Section
Ruptured
15 Participants
17 Participants
Number of Patients With Ruptured and Unruptured Membranes Prior to Cesarean Section
Unruptured
22 Participants
25 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day of Surgery to 30 days postoperative

Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel measure used to compare interaction in icNPT and Standard dressing stratified by patients in labor and patients not in labor

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=37 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=42 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Number of Patients in Labor Versus no Labor Prior to Cesarean Section
Labor
15 Participants
17 Participants
Number of Patients in Labor Versus no Labor Prior to Cesarean Section
No labor
22 Participants
25 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day of Surgery to 30 days postoperative

Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel measure used to compare interaction between patients with hypertension versus no hypertension stratified by icNPT versus standard dressing, in wound morbidity

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=37 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=42 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Number of Patients With Hypertension Versus no Hypertension
Hypertension
8 Participants
8 Participants
Number of Patients With Hypertension Versus no Hypertension
No Hypertension
29 Participants
34 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day of Surgery to 30 days postoperative

Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel measure used to compare interaction in icNPT and Standard wound dressings stratified by women with insulin requiring diabetes and no insulin requiring Diabetes.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=37 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=42 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Number of Patients With Insulin Requiring Diabetes Versus no Insulin Requiring Diabetes
Insulin Diabetes
5 Participants
7 Participants
Number of Patients With Insulin Requiring Diabetes Versus no Insulin Requiring Diabetes
No Diabetes
32 Participants
35 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day of Surgery to 30 days postoperative

Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel measure used to estimate interaction between chorioamnionitis and no chorioamnionitis stratified by icNPT and standard dressing, for wound morbidity

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
n=37 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have Prevena negative pressure wound therapy system placed. Negative pressure wound therapy: Single use negative pressure wound therapy systems are composed of a pressure pump and dressing kit. The pump creates a negative pressure of 125 mmHg (+/- 20 mgHg) and the dressing directly covers surgical incision. The system is battery-powered and designed to be used for a minimum of two days and a maximum of seven days of continuous use. The investigators hypothesize that negative pressure wound therapy will decrease the wound complications in these patients. The investigators will be using Prevena Incision Management System as the negative pressure device in our study.
Standard Dressing
n=42 Participants
After standard cesarean section completed patients will have standard dressing placed.
Number of Patients With Chorioamnionitis Versus no Chorioamnionitis
chorioamnionitis
4 Participants
3 Participants
Number of Patients With Chorioamnionitis Versus no Chorioamnionitis
no chorioamnionitis
33 Participants
39 Participants

Adverse Events

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Standard Dressing

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Dr. Scott Roberts

UTSW Medical Center

Phone: 214-648-3113

Results disclosure agreements

  • Principal investigator is a sponsor employee 8\. PUBLICATION AND REPORTS ON DATA; COPYRIGHTS A. Prior to public presentation or submission to a journal, Investigator will submit for review to Company...content of any manuscript for publication, abstract, or presentation containing data and results of the Study, ...such review is for the limited purposes of ensuring that the manuscript accurately describes the Product and does not contain any Confidential lnformation...Investigator will have the unfettered right to publish.
  • Publication restrictions are in place

Restriction type: OTHER