Trial Outcomes & Findings for Evaluation of Various Methods Used to Identify the Proximal Humerus Intraosseous Vascular Access Site (NCT NCT01742780)

Results Overview

Device operators will score their perceived Ease of Use for their assigned Intraosseous Insertion method for their one unilateral proximal humerus IO site procedure. The Ease of Use scale scores range from 0 to 10, where 0=extremely difficult and 10=extremely easy. Higher scores indicate greater ease of use.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

NA

Target enrollment

60 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

Within 10 minutes of procedure

Results posted on

2026-04-17

Participant Flow

40 licensed/certified clinicians with no prior training on establishing intraosseous (IO) vascular access in the proximal humerus (PH) were recruited for participation as device operators to learn one PH IO site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO site insertion procedure. 20 healthy adults were recruited to receive PH IO vascular access in each PH using a different PH IO site identification method for each.

Healthy volunteers had a physical exam to confirm no excess tissue was overlaying the proximal humerus IO insertion site and adequate landmarks were visible. Clinicians were trained on and had to correctly demonstrate their assigned method for IO vascular access in the proximal humerus for approval to participate as a device operator.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Standard Vidacare Method for Intraosseous Insertion Clinicians with no prior training on identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Standard Vidacare Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Standard Vidacare Method description is: Palpate up the proximal humerus towards the anterior shoulder just above the surgical neck, to the greater tubercle of the proximal humerus. Insert the needle set perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle at the most prominent aspect of greater tubercle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access.	Saussy Method for Intraosseous Insertion Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Saussy Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Saussy Method description is: Palpate the proximal humerus to locate the intertubercular groove; rotate the forearm medially and laterally to isolate the groove. Move one finger breadth laterally from the groove to the greater tubercle. Insert perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Campbell Method for Intraosseous Insertion Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Campbell Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Campbell Method description is: With the fingers on both hands fully extended similar to a karate chop, place one hand into the anterior joint space (acromioclavicular joint) of the patient. Place the second "karate chop" hand along the midline of the patient's lateral shoulder; touch the pinkie fingers over the superior aspect of the patient's shoulder. Overlap the thumbs on the patient's shoulder, which will be at the most prominent aspect of the greater tubercle. Insert the needle set perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Davlantes Method for Intraosseous Insertion Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Davlantes Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The description of the Davlantes Method is: Using one hand, place the thumb on the acromioclavicular joint in the natural recess or "pocket" between the distal clavicle and the humeral head, wrapping the rest of the hand around the upper arm. The hand should be oriented such that the index finger and rest of the hand is at a 90-degree angle to the thumb. The webspace between the thumb and index finger will be approximately where the surgical neck of the humerus is; move one finger breadth (approximately 1 cm) superior. Insert perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Healthy Subjects: Campbell and Saussy Methods Healthy Subjects received bilateral intraosseous (IO) vascular access in the proximal humerus by device operators using the Saussy Method on one proximal humerus and the Campbell method on the other proximal humerus.	Healthy Subjects: Davlantes and Standard Vidacare Methods Subjects received bilateral intraosseous (IO) vascular access in the proximal humerus by device operators using the Davlantes Method on one proximal humerus and the Standard Vidacare method on the other proximal humerus.
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	0	0	0	1	0	0
Overall Study STARTED	10	10	10	10	10	10
Overall Study COMPLETED	10	10	10	9	10	10

Reasons for withdrawal

Reasons for withdrawal
Measure	Standard Vidacare Method for Intraosseous Insertion Clinicians with no prior training on identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Standard Vidacare Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Standard Vidacare Method description is: Palpate up the proximal humerus towards the anterior shoulder just above the surgical neck, to the greater tubercle of the proximal humerus. Insert the needle set perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle at the most prominent aspect of greater tubercle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access.	Saussy Method for Intraosseous Insertion Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Saussy Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Saussy Method description is: Palpate the proximal humerus to locate the intertubercular groove; rotate the forearm medially and laterally to isolate the groove. Move one finger breadth laterally from the groove to the greater tubercle. Insert perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Campbell Method for Intraosseous Insertion Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Campbell Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Campbell Method description is: With the fingers on both hands fully extended similar to a karate chop, place one hand into the anterior joint space (acromioclavicular joint) of the patient. Place the second "karate chop" hand along the midline of the patient's lateral shoulder; touch the pinkie fingers over the superior aspect of the patient's shoulder. Overlap the thumbs on the patient's shoulder, which will be at the most prominent aspect of the greater tubercle. Insert the needle set perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Davlantes Method for Intraosseous Insertion Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Davlantes Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The description of the Davlantes Method is: Using one hand, place the thumb on the acromioclavicular joint in the natural recess or "pocket" between the distal clavicle and the humeral head, wrapping the rest of the hand around the upper arm. The hand should be oriented such that the index finger and rest of the hand is at a 90-degree angle to the thumb. The webspace between the thumb and index finger will be approximately where the surgical neck of the humerus is; move one finger breadth (approximately 1 cm) superior. Insert perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Healthy Subjects: Campbell and Saussy Methods Healthy Subjects received bilateral intraosseous (IO) vascular access in the proximal humerus by device operators using the Saussy Method on one proximal humerus and the Campbell method on the other proximal humerus.	Healthy Subjects: Davlantes and Standard Vidacare Methods Subjects received bilateral intraosseous (IO) vascular access in the proximal humerus by device operators using the Davlantes Method on one proximal humerus and the Standard Vidacare method on the other proximal humerus.
Overall Study Physician Decision	0	0	0	1	0	0

Baseline Characteristics

Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	Davlantes Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Davlantes Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The description of the Davlantes Method is: Using one hand, place the thumb on the acromioclavicular joint in the natural recess or "pocket" between the distal clavicle and the humeral head, wrapping the rest of the hand around the upper arm. The hand should be oriented such that the index finger and rest of the hand is at a 90-degree angle to the thumb. The webspace between the thumb and index finger will be approximately where the surgical neck of the humerus is; move one finger breadth (approximately 1 cm) superior. Insert perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Healthy Subjects: Campbell and Saussy Methods n=10 Participants Healthy Subjects received bilateral intraosseous (IO) vascular access in the proximal humerus by device operators using the Saussy Method on one proximal humerus and the Campbell method on the other proximal humerus.	Healthy Subjects: Davlantes and Standard Vidacare Methods n=10 Participants Subjects received bilateral intraosseous (IO) vascular access in the proximal humerus by device operators using the Davlantes Method on one proximal humerus and the Standard Vidacare method on the other proximal humerus.	Total n=60 Participants Total of all reporting groups	Standard Vidacare Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training on identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Standard Vidacare Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Standard Vidacare Method description is: Palpate up the proximal humerus towards the anterior shoulder just above the surgical neck, to the greater tubercle of the proximal humerus. Insert the needle set perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle at the most prominent aspect of greater tubercle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access.	Saussy Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Saussy Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Saussy Method description is: Palpate the proximal humerus to locate the intertubercular groove; rotate the forearm medially and laterally to isolate the groove. Move one finger breadth laterally from the groove to the greater tubercle. Insert perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Campbell Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Campbell Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Campbell Method description is: With the fingers on both hands fully extended similar to a karate chop, place one hand into the anterior joint space (acromioclavicular joint) of the patient. Place the second "karate chop" hand along the midline of the patient's lateral shoulder; touch the pinkie fingers over the superior aspect of the patient's shoulder. Overlap the thumbs on the patient's shoulder, which will be at the most prominent aspect of the greater tubercle. Insert the needle set perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access
Age, Categorical >=65 years	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=60 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	2 Participants n=10 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects	1 Participants n=10 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects	4 Participants n=10 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects	16 Participants n=60 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects	1 Participants n=10 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects	3 Participants n=10 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects	5 Participants n=10 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects
Sex: Female, Male Male	8 Participants n=10 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects	9 Participants n=10 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects	6 Participants n=10 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects	44 Participants n=60 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects	9 Participants n=10 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects	7 Participants n=10 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects	5 Participants n=10 Participants • 20 participants participated in two arms:10 participants participated in both arms: Saussy Method Subjects and Campbell Method Subjects; 10 participants participated in both arms: Standard Vidacare Method Subject and Davlantes Method Subjects
Age, Categorical <=18 years	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=60 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants
Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years	10 Participants n=10 Participants	10 Participants n=10 Participants	10 Participants n=10 Participants	60 Participants n=60 Participants	10 Participants n=10 Participants	10 Participants n=10 Participants	10 Participants n=10 Participants
Race and Ethnicity Not Collected	—	—	—	0 Participants Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.	—	—	—
Region of Enrollment United States	10 participants n=10 Participants	10 participants n=10 Participants	10 participants n=10 Participants	60 participants n=60 Participants	10 participants n=10 Participants	10 participants n=10 Participants	10 participants n=10 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 10 minutes of procedure

Population: One participant in the Davlantes Method for Intraosseous Insertion arm had their unilateral proximal humerus IO site insertion procedure terminated by the investigator. Since the procedure was terminated the participant did not complete the Ease of Use Question. Therefore only 9 participants were included in the Davlantes Method for Intraosseous Insertion arm analysis for this outcome measure.

Device operators will score their perceived Ease of Use for their assigned Intraosseous Insertion method for their one unilateral proximal humerus IO site procedure. The Ease of Use scale scores range from 0 to 10, where 0=extremely difficult and 10=extremely easy. Higher scores indicate greater ease of use.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Campbell Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Campbell Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Campbell Method description is: With the fingers on both hands fully extended similar to a karate chop, place one hand into the anterior joint space (acromioclavicular joint) of the patient. Place the second "karate chop" hand along the midline of the patient's lateral shoulder; touch the pinkie fingers over the superior aspect of the patient's shoulder. Overlap the thumbs on the patient's shoulder, which will be at the most prominent aspect of the greater tubercle. Insert the needle set perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Davlantes Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=9 Participants Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Davlantes Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The description of the Davlantes Method is: Using one hand, place the thumb on the acromioclavicular joint in the natural recess or "pocket" between the distal clavicle and the humeral head, wrapping the rest of the hand around the upper arm. The hand should be oriented such that the index finger and rest of the hand is at a 90-degree angle to the thumb. The webspace between the thumb and index finger will be approximately where the surgical neck of the humerus is; move one finger breadth (approximately 1 cm) superior. Insert perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Saussy Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Saussy Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Saussy Method description is: Palpate the proximal humerus to locate the intertubercular groove; rotate the forearm medially and laterally to isolate the groove. Move one finger breadth laterally from the groove to the greater tubercle. Insert perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Standard Vidacare Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training on identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Standard Vidacare Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Standard Vidacare Method description is: Palpate up the proximal humerus towards the anterior shoulder just above the surgical neck, to the greater tubercle of the proximal humerus. Insert the needle set perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle at the most prominent aspect of greater tubercle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access.
Ease of Use Score	9.60 units on a scale Standard Deviation .70	8.33 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.73	8.60 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.32	8.30 units on a scale Standard Deviation .95

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: within 10 minutes of procedure

Population: One participant in the Davlantes Method for Intraosseous Insertion arm had their unilateral proximal humerus IO site insertion procedure terminated by the investigator. Since the procedure was terminated the participant did not complete the questionnaire. Therefore only 9 unilateral proximal humerus were included in the Davlantes Method for Intraosseous Insertion arm analysis for this outcome measure.

Device operators scored their perceived Level of Confidence with their assigned Intraosseous Insertion method for their one unilateral proximal humerus IO site procedure. The Level of Confidence scale scores range from 0 to 10, where. 0=no confidence and 10=extremely confident. Higher scores indicate greater level of confidence.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Campbell Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Campbell Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Campbell Method description is: With the fingers on both hands fully extended similar to a karate chop, place one hand into the anterior joint space (acromioclavicular joint) of the patient. Place the second "karate chop" hand along the midline of the patient's lateral shoulder; touch the pinkie fingers over the superior aspect of the patient's shoulder. Overlap the thumbs on the patient's shoulder, which will be at the most prominent aspect of the greater tubercle. Insert the needle set perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Davlantes Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=9 Participants Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Davlantes Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The description of the Davlantes Method is: Using one hand, place the thumb on the acromioclavicular joint in the natural recess or "pocket" between the distal clavicle and the humeral head, wrapping the rest of the hand around the upper arm. The hand should be oriented such that the index finger and rest of the hand is at a 90-degree angle to the thumb. The webspace between the thumb and index finger will be approximately where the surgical neck of the humerus is; move one finger breadth (approximately 1 cm) superior. Insert perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Saussy Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Saussy Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Saussy Method description is: Palpate the proximal humerus to locate the intertubercular groove; rotate the forearm medially and laterally to isolate the groove. Move one finger breadth laterally from the groove to the greater tubercle. Insert perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Standard Vidacare Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training on identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Standard Vidacare Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Standard Vidacare Method description is: Palpate up the proximal humerus towards the anterior shoulder just above the surgical neck, to the greater tubercle of the proximal humerus. Insert the needle set perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle at the most prominent aspect of greater tubercle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access.
Level of Confidence Score	9.30 units on a scale Standard Deviation .95	7.22 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.79	9.00 units on a scale Standard Deviation .94	8.00 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.49

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: within 10 minutes of the procedure

Population: One participant in the Davlantes Method for Intraosseous Insertion arm had their unilateral proximal humerus IO site insertion procedure terminated by the investigator. That insertion site placement was scored 0.

The ability of the device operator to insert the Intraosseous device into the "ideal target area" was scored using an accuracy scoring scale. The "ideal target area" was defined as the center of the greater tubercle. The following scoring scale ranging from 0 to 3 was used. 3= center of the greater tubercle; 2=sightly off-center of the greater tubercle, 1=borderline of the greater tubercle, and 0=completely outside the greater tubercle. Higher scores indicate better insertion position.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Campbell Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Campbell Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Campbell Method description is: With the fingers on both hands fully extended similar to a karate chop, place one hand into the anterior joint space (acromioclavicular joint) of the patient. Place the second "karate chop" hand along the midline of the patient's lateral shoulder; touch the pinkie fingers over the superior aspect of the patient's shoulder. Overlap the thumbs on the patient's shoulder, which will be at the most prominent aspect of the greater tubercle. Insert the needle set perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Davlantes Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Davlantes Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The description of the Davlantes Method is: Using one hand, place the thumb on the acromioclavicular joint in the natural recess or "pocket" between the distal clavicle and the humeral head, wrapping the rest of the hand around the upper arm. The hand should be oriented such that the index finger and rest of the hand is at a 90-degree angle to the thumb. The webspace between the thumb and index finger will be approximately where the surgical neck of the humerus is; move one finger breadth (approximately 1 cm) superior. Insert perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Saussy Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training in identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Saussy Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Saussy Method description is: Palpate the proximal humerus to locate the intertubercular groove; rotate the forearm medially and laterally to isolate the groove. Move one finger breadth laterally from the groove to the greater tubercle. Insert perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access	Standard Vidacare Method for Intraosseous Insertion n=10 Participants Clinicians with no prior training on identifying the proximal humerus IO insertion site to be trained on the Standard Vidacare Method site identification method and perform one unilateral proximal humerus IO needle insertion. The Standard Vidacare Method description is: Palpate up the proximal humerus towards the anterior shoulder just above the surgical neck, to the greater tubercle of the proximal humerus. Insert the needle set perpendicular to skin with a slight downward angle at the most prominent aspect of greater tubercle to establish proximal humerus intraosseous vascular access. Intraosseous Vascular Access.
Proximal Humerus Intraosseous (IO) Insertion Site Placement Score	1.9 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.4	1.7 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.3	1.4 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.4	2.0 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.4

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: within 10 minutes of the procedure

Population: One participant in the Davlantes Method for Intraosseous Insertion arm had their unilateral proximal humerus IO site insertion procedure terminated by the investigator. Since the procedure was terminated there was no time to record. Therefore only 9 were included in the Davlantes Method for Intraosseous Insertion arm analysis for this outcome measure.

The amount of time it takes for the device operator to identify the proximal humerus intraosseous (IO) insertion site using their assigned proximal humerus IO site identification method and insert the IO needle Timing starts from the time the participant begins to palpate the proximal humerus and stops when the IO needle is inserted.