Trial Outcomes & Findings for The Effects of Dopamine on Reward Processing (NCT NCT01253421)

Last Updated: 2018-04-27

Results Overview

This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on the ability to learn from rewards during a Probabilistic Selection Task (PST). A higher effect size indicates greater ability to learn from reward trials.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

PHASE1

Target enrollment

159 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

administered after scan

Results posted on

2018-04-27

Participant Flow

Participants were recruited at McLean Hospital (Belmont, MA) and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH; Boston, MA) between February, 2012, and September, 2015. The study was advertised using flyers, and on a number of internet bulletin boards available to the general public. Study visits were conducted in research facilities at McLean Hospital.

An assessment visit was conducted prior to the drug-challenge visit. Subjects had a diagnostic interview (SCID) and preliminary physical exam, provided a blood sample for lab tests, and completed surveys, to determine eligibility. Those meeting eligibility criteria were scheduled for a drug+scanning visit where randomization occurred.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	All Participants Prior to Randomization All Participants went through Assessment, prior to randomization.	MDD-amisulpride Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who are randomized to receive amisulpride	MDD-placebo Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who are randomized to receive placebo	HC-amisulpride Subjects having no history of mental disorder who are randomized to receive amisulpride	HC-placebo Subjects having no history of mental disorder who are randomized to receive placebo
Assessment and Scheduling STARTED	159	0	0	0	0
Assessment and Scheduling Eligible After Screening Visit	85	0	0	0	0
Assessment and Scheduling Returned for Drug+Scanning Visit	60	0	0	0	0
Assessment and Scheduling COMPLETED	60	0	0	0	0
Assessment and Scheduling NOT COMPLETED	99	0	0	0	0
Drug+Scanning Visit STARTED	0	15	14	16	15
Drug+Scanning Visit Received Drug Challenge	0	15	14	16	15
Drug+Scanning Visit COMPLETED	0	15	14	16	14
Drug+Scanning Visit NOT COMPLETED	0	0	0	0	1

Reasons for withdrawal

Reasons for withdrawal
Measure	All Participants Prior to Randomization All Participants went through Assessment, prior to randomization.	HC-placebo Subjects having no history of mental disorder who are randomized to receive placebo
Assessment and Scheduling Found to be Ineligible	74	0
Assessment and Scheduling Lost to Follow-up	17	0
Assessment and Scheduling Withdrawal by Subject	7	0
Assessment and Scheduling Physician Decision	1	0
Drug+Scanning Visit Physician Decision	0	1

Baseline Characteristics

Percent among females only

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	MDD-amisulpride n=15 Participants Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who received amisulpride	MDD-placebo n=14 Participants Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who received placebo	HC-amisulpride n=16 Participants Subjects having no history of mental disorder who received amisulpride	HC-placebo n=14 Participants Subjects having no history of mental disorder who received placebo	Total n=59 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	27.20 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.6 • n=15 Participants	25.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.35 • n=14 Participants	25.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 25.3 • n=16 Participants	24.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 24.7 • n=14 Participants	26 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.79 • n=59 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	12 Participants n=15 Participants	6 Participants n=14 Participants	11 Participants n=16 Participants	9 Participants n=14 Participants	38 Participants n=59 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	3 Participants n=15 Participants	8 Participants n=14 Participants	5 Participants n=16 Participants	5 Participants n=14 Participants	21 Participants n=59 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	3 Participants n=15 Participants	1 Participants n=14 Participants	3 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	7 Participants n=59 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	12 Participants n=15 Participants	13 Participants n=14 Participants	12 Participants n=16 Participants	14 Participants n=14 Participants	51 Participants n=59 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	1 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	1 Participants n=59 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	1 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	1 Participants n=59 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	2 Participants n=15 Participants	2 Participants n=14 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	5 Participants n=14 Participants	9 Participants n=59 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	0 Participants n=59 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	1 Participants n=15 Participants	2 Participants n=14 Participants	3 Participants n=16 Participants	3 Participants n=14 Participants	9 Participants n=59 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	11 Participants n=15 Participants	9 Participants n=14 Participants	10 Participants n=16 Participants	6 Participants n=14 Participants	36 Participants n=59 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	1 Participants n=15 Participants	1 Participants n=14 Participants	1 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	3 Participants n=59 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	1 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	1 Participants n=59 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	15 Participants n=15 Participants	14 Participants n=14 Participants	16 Participants n=16 Participants	14 Participants n=14 Participants	59 Participants n=59 Participants
Educ-yrs	15.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.06 • n=15 Participants	16.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.90 • n=14 Participants	16.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.13 • n=16 Participants	16.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.52 • n=14 Participants	16.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.18 • n=59 Participants
Menstrual phase Follicular	1 Participants n=12 Participants • Percent among females only	2 Participants n=6 Participants • Percent among females only	6 Participants n=11 Participants • Percent among females only	3 Participants n=9 Participants • Percent among females only	12 Participants n=38 Participants • Percent among females only
Menstrual phase Luteal	4 Participants n=12 Participants • Percent among females only	1 Participants n=6 Participants • Percent among females only	1 Participants n=11 Participants • Percent among females only	3 Participants n=9 Participants • Percent among females only	9 Participants n=38 Participants • Percent among females only
Menstrual phase Unknown	7 Participants n=12 Participants • Percent among females only	3 Participants n=6 Participants • Percent among females only	4 Participants n=11 Participants • Percent among females only	3 Participants n=9 Participants • Percent among females only	17 Participants n=38 Participants • Percent among females only
HRSD	16.4 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.37 • n=14 Participants • 5 missing values	18.4 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.09 • n=14 Participants • 5 missing values	1.0 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.58 • n=13 Participants • 5 missing values	0.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.66 • n=13 Participants • 5 missing values	9.37 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.997 • n=54 Participants • 5 missing values
MDD SCID rating	2.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION .27 • n=15 Participants	2.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION .27 • n=14 Participants	1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0 • n=16 Participants	1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0 • n=14 Participants	1.93 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION .99 • n=59 Participants
# MDEs	2.75 Episodes STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.667 • n=15 Participants • Applies to MDD subjects only	4.79 Episodes STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.490 • n=14 Participants • Applies to MDD subjects only	—	—	3.74 Episodes STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.230 • n=29 Participants • Applies to MDD subjects only
Length_MDE	20.50 months STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.53 • n=15 Participants • Statistics include MDD subjects only	14.00 months STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.982 • n=14 Participants • Statistics include MDD subjects only	—	—	16.17 months STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.771 • n=29 Participants • Statistics include MDD subjects only
Patients with comorbid anxiety disorder Has comorbid Anxiety Disorder	3 Participants n=15 Participants	6 Participants n=14 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	9 Participants n=59 Participants
Patients with comorbid anxiety disorder No comorbid Anxiety Disorder	9 Participants n=15 Participants	8 Participants n=14 Participants	16 Participants n=16 Participants	14 Participants n=14 Participants	47 Participants n=59 Participants
Patients with comorbid anxiety disorder Unknown	3 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	3 Participants n=59 Participants
Patients with past anxiety disorder Yes	3 Participants n=15 Participants	6 Participants n=14 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	9 Participants n=59 Participants
Patients with past anxiety disorder No	9 Participants n=15 Participants	8 Participants n=14 Participants	16 Participants n=16 Participants	14 Participants n=14 Participants	47 Participants n=59 Participants
Patients with past anxiety disorder Unknown	3 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	3 Participants n=59 Participants
TCI Total	87.97 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.992 • n=15 Participants	94.2 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.78 • n=14 Participants	103.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.99 • n=16 Participants	105.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.53 • n=14 Participants	97.97 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.417 • n=59 Participants
TCI NS-1	27.760 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.4779 • n=15 Participants	29.385 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.3000 • n=14 Participants	34.200 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.7595 • n=16 Participants	35.857 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.8159 • n=14 Participants	31.814 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.4070 • n=59 Participants
TCI NS-2	19.60 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.137 • n=15 Participants	20.85 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.053 • n=14 Participants	22.93 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.698 • n=16 Participants	22.79 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.860 • n=14 Participants	21.54 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.258 • n=59 Participants
TCI NS-3	23.873 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.9297 • n=15 Participants	25.231 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.8615 • n=14 Participants	26.667 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.5891 • n=16 Participants	26.571 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.3273 • n=14 Participants	25.581 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.5084 • n=59 Participants
TCI NS-4	16.73 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.973 • n=15 Participants	18.77 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.468 • n=14 Participants	20.07 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.311 • n=16 Participants	20.64 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.551 • n=14 Participants	19.04 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.555 • n=59 Participants
BIS attention-1	10.393 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.3053 • n=15 Participants	9.929 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9400 • n=14 Participants	9.620 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9879 • n=16 Participants	11.000 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.3205 • n=14 Participants	10.225 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.1500 • n=59 Participants
BIS cognitive instability	5.143 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.7913 • n=15 Participants	5.536 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9852 • n=14 Participants	4.467 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.1255 • n=16 Participants	5.857 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5619 • n=14 Participants	5.237 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6800 • n=59 Participants
BIS motor-1	12.714 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.6144 • n=15 Participants	12.786 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9136 • n=14 Participants	12.133 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.2636 • n=16 Participants	12.071 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9733 • n=14 Participants	12.421 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.6454 • n=59 Participants
BIS perseverance	6.643 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5984 • n=15 Participants	6.857 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6104 • n=14 Participants	6.847 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.4426 • n=16 Participants	7.693 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9408 • n=14 Participants	7.007 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6593 • n=59 Participants
BIS self control	11.071 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2455 • n=15 Participants	10.429 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.0813 • n=14 Participants	11.067 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.6345 • n=16 Participants	12.357 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2959 • n=14 Participants	11.228 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.3113 • n=59 Participants
BIS cognitive complexity	9.786 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.0069 • n=15 Participants	10.161 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9509 • n=14 Participants	9.933 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.3442 • n=16 Participants	10.554 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.4143 • n=14 Participants	10.105 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.4016 • n=59 Participants
BIS Attention-2	15.536 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.6187 • n=15 Participants	15.464 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.7767 • n=14 Participants	14.087 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.8332 • n=16 Participants	16.857 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2548 • n=14 Participants	15.461 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2078 • n=59 Participants
BIS Motor-2	19.357 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2959 • n=15 Participants	19.643 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.5865 • n=14 Participants	18.980 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.8016 • n=16 Participants	19.764 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.7056 • n=14 Participants	19.428 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2791 • n=59 Participants
BIS Non-planning-2	20.857 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.1668 • n=15 Participants	20.589 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.2638 • n=14 Participants	21.000 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.7446 • n=16 Participants	22.911 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.1459 • n=14 Participants	21.333 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.8528 • n=59 Participants
MASQ total	173.727 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.2367 • n=15 Participants	174.077 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.5448 • n=14 Participants	92.350 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.0618 • n=16 Participants	88.571 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.4389 • n=14 Participants	131.476 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 44.6597 • n=59 Participants
MASQ GDA	21.800 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.2244 • n=15 Participants	23.385 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.7520 • n=14 Participants	14.200 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.3209 • n=16 Participants	12.071 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9793 • n=14 Participants	17.772 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.8060 • n=59 Participants
MASQ GDD	41.960 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.7346 • n=15 Participants	39.538 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.2872 • n=14 Participants	14.533 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.6029 • n=16 Participants	14.214 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9136 • n=14 Participants	27.375 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.5034 • n=59 Participants
MASQ AA	21.880 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9644 • n=15 Participants	23.385 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.4260 • n=14 Participants	19.417 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.3643 • n=16 Participants	17.643 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.1507 • n=14 Participants	20.534 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.7852 • n=59 Participants
MASQ AD	88.087 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.1143 • n=15 Participants	87.769 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.9180 • n=14 Participants	44.200 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.4448 • n=16 Participants	44.643 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.6764 • n=14 Participants	65.795 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 23.5064 • n=59 Participants
RSES_Total	26.36 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.802 • n=15 Participants	26.36 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.988 • n=14 Participants	14.14 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.891 • n=16 Participants	14.33 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.633 • n=14 Participants	21.86 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.651 • n=59 Participants
Defeat Scale	38.09 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.700 • n=15 Participants	35.55 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.720 • n=14 Participants	5.88 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.182 • n=16 Participants	5.25 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.392 • n=14 Participants	23.66 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.049 • n=59 Participants
BDI-II	24.40 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.423 • n=15 Participants	27.91 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.877 • n=14 Participants	1.31 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.387 • n=16 Participants	1.51 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.131 • n=14 Participants	13.54 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.828 • n=59 Participants
SHPS total	32.753 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.6489 • n=15 Participants	32.450 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.5103 • n=14 Participants	21.293 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.6623 • n=16 Participants	23.714 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.4258 • n=14 Participants	27.534 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.0970 • n=59 Participants
SHPS-low	7.667 Count of 'low' responses (1 or 2) STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.3452 • n=15 Participants	6.857 Count of 'low' responses (1 or 2) STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.0995 • n=14 Participants	6.400 Count of 'low' responses (1 or 2) STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8439 • n=16 Participants	6.571 Count of 'low' responses (1 or 2) STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9013 • n=14 Participants	6.879 Count of 'low' responses (1 or 2) STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9293 • n=59 Participants
AES	43.45 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.063 • n=15 Participants	42.14 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.786 • n=14 Participants	59.53 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.856 • n=16 Participants	60.86 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.400 • n=14 Participants	51.63 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.218 • n=59 Participants
Current smokers	0 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	0 Participants n=59 Participants
Past smokers	0 Participants n=15 Participants	1 Participants n=14 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=14 Participants	1 Participants n=59 Participants
Current drinkers	4 Participants n=15 Participants	6 Participants n=14 Participants	5 Participants n=16 Participants	4 Participants n=14 Participants	19 Participants n=59 Participants
Drinks in past 24hrs	0.29 equivalent shot/can/glasses STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.469 • n=15 Participants	0.46 equivalent shot/can/glasses STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.519 • n=14 Participants	0.36 equivalent shot/can/glasses STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.497 • n=16 Participants	0.29 equivalent shot/can/glasses STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.469 • n=14 Participants	0.35 equivalent shot/can/glasses STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.480 • n=59 Participants
Usual caffeine (mg)	124.35 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 74.162 • n=15 Participants	176.50 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 87.444 • n=14 Participants	82.93 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 77.308 • n=16 Participants	64.75 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 41.139 • n=14 Participants	111.05 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 111.05 • n=59 Participants
Caffeine today (mg)	81.23 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 83.400 • n=15 Participants	102.88 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 108.938 • n=14 Participants	32.13 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 32.335 • n=16 Participants	67.23 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 67.268 • n=14 Participants	69.44 milligrams STANDARD_DEVIATION 79.159 • n=59 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: administered after scan

Population: Reward-learning results are missing for 7 subjects

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	MDD-amisulpride n=14 Participants Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who received amisulpride	MDD-placebo n=12 Participants Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who received placebo	HC-amisulpride n=15 Participants Subjects having no history of mental disorder who received amisulpride	HC-placebo n=11 Participants Subjects having no history of mental disorder who received placebo
Effect on PST Reward Learning	0.6271 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.15608	0.7575 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.1676	0.823 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.1228	0.7545 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.1828

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: administered after scan

Population: Penalty-learning results are missing for 7 subjects

This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on the ability to learn from penalties during a Probabilistic Selection Task (PST). A higher effect size indicates greater ability to learn from penalty trials.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	MDD-amisulpride n=14 Participants Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who received amisulpride	MDD-placebo n=12 Participants Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who received placebo	HC-amisulpride n=15 Participants Subjects having no history of mental disorder who received amisulpride	HC-placebo n=11 Participants Subjects having no history of mental disorder who received placebo
Effect on PST Penalty Learning	0.2428 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.1800	0.29 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.2056	0.2207 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.20225	0.2391 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.14618

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Scan session

Population: Data are missing for 8 subjects due to poor MRI quality.

This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on caudate activation after presentation of a cue. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	MDD-amisulpride n=13 Participants Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who received amisulpride	MDD-placebo n=11 Participants Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who received placebo	HC-amisulpride n=16 Participants Subjects having no history of mental disorder who received amisulpride	HC-placebo n=11 Participants Subjects having no history of mental disorder who received placebo
Effect on Caudate Response to Cues	0.2231 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.42189	-0.0391 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.32792	-0.0938 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.57788	0.0582 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.30318

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Scan session

Population: Data are missing for 8 subjects due to poor MRI quality

This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation after presentation of a cue. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	MDD-amisulpride n=13 Participants Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who received amisulpride	MDD-placebo n=11 Participants Subjects experiencing a current episode of major depression who received placebo	HC-amisulpride n=16 Participants Subjects having no history of mental disorder who received amisulpride	HC-placebo n=11 Participants Subjects having no history of mental disorder who received placebo
Effect on NAcc Response to Cues	0.2446 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.38546	0.0736 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.38694	0.1356 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.51800	0.2182 Effect size (Beta) Standard Deviation 0.55236

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Scan session

Population: Data are missing for 9 subjects due to poor MRI quality

This statistic shows the effect (beta) that the combination of diagnosis and drug has on putamen activation after presentation of a cue. Positive values indicate an increase in activation relative to baseline.