Trial Outcomes & Findings for Manicaland Cash Transfer Trial for Children in Zimbabwe (NCT NCT00966849)

Vulnerable households in this arm will receive conditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Conditional Cash Transfer: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will only be given the cash if they comply with the following conditions: * An application for a birth certificate must be made for all children under 18 years in the household who do not already have a birth certificate, including all newborn children within 3 months of birth. * All children under 5 years in the household must be up-to-date with vaccinations. * All children under 5 years must attend a growth monitoring clinic twice per year. * All children 6-17 years in the household attended school

Vulnerable households in this arm will receive unconditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Unconditional Cash Transfers: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will not be required to comply with conditions in order to receive the cash. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster.

Vulnerable households in this arm will not receive cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster.

n=3660 Participants

Conditional Cash Transfer: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will only be given the cash if they comply with the following conditions: * An application for a birth certificate must be made for all children \<18 years in the household who do not already have a birth certificate, including all newborn children within 3 months of birth. * All children \<5 yrs in the household must be up-to-date with vaccinations * All children \<5 yrs must attend a growth monitoring clinic twice per yr * All children 6-17 yrs in the household attended school at least 90% of days in the last month * At least one adult from each household attended at least 2/3 most recent parenting skills classes Other procedures will be the same as in the unconditional cash transfer arm.

n=3976 Participants

Vulnerable households in this arm will receive unconditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Unconditional Cash Transfers: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will not be required to comply with conditions in order to receive the cash. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster.

n=3169 Participants

Vulnerable households in this arm will not receive cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster.

n=10805 Participants

Total of all reporting groups

n=417 Participants

Conditional Cash Transfer: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will only be given the cash if they comply with the following conditions: * An application for a birth certificate must be made for all children \<18 years in the household who do not already have a birth certificate, including all newborn children within 3 months of birth. * All children \<5 yrs in the household must be up-to-date with vaccinations * All children \<5 yrs must attend a growth monitoring clinic twice per yr * All children 6-17 yrs in the household attended school at least 90% of days in the last month * At least one adult from each household attended at least 2/3 most recent parenting skills classes Other procedures will be the same as in the unconditional cash transfer arm.

n=528 Participants

Vulnerable households in this arm will receive unconditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Unconditional Cash Transfers: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will not be required to comply with conditions in order to receive the cash. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster.

n=366 Participants

Vulnerable households in this arm will not receive cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster.

n=417 Participants

Conditional Cash Transfer: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will only be given the cash if they comply with the following conditions: * An application for a birth certificate must be made for all children \<18 years in the household who do not already have a birth certificate, including all newborn children within 3 months of birth. * All children \<5 yrs in the household must be up-to-date with vaccinations * All children \<5 yrs must attend a growth monitoring clinic twice per yr * All children 6-17 yrs in the household attended school at least 90% of days in the last month * At least one adult from each household attended at least 2/3 most recent parenting skills classes Other procedures will be the same as in the unconditional cash transfer arm.

n=517 Participants

Vulnerable households in this arm will receive unconditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Unconditional Cash Transfers: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will not be required to comply with conditions in order to receive the cash. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster.

n=360 Participants

Vulnerable households in this arm will not receive cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster.

n=889 Participants

Conditional Cash Transfer: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will only be given the cash if they comply with the following conditions: * An application for a birth certificate must be made for all children \<18 years in the household who do not already have a birth certificate, including all newborn children within 3 months of birth. * All children \<5 yrs in the household must be up-to-date with vaccinations * All children \<5 yrs must attend a growth monitoring clinic twice per yr * All children 6-17 yrs in the household attended school at least 90% of days in the last month * At least one adult from each household attended at least 2/3 most recent parenting skills classes Other procedures will be the same as in the unconditional cash transfer arm.

n=1046 Participants

Vulnerable households in this arm will receive unconditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Unconditional Cash Transfers: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will not be required to comply with conditions in order to receive the cash. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster.

n=785 Participants

Vulnerable households in this arm will not receive cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster.

n=811 Participants

Conditional Cash Transfer: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will only be given the cash if they comply with the following conditions: * An application for a birth certificate must be made for all children \<18 years in the household who do not already have a birth certificate, including all newborn children within 3 months of birth. * All children \<5 yrs in the household must be up-to-date with vaccinations * All children \<5 yrs must attend a growth monitoring clinic twice per yr * All children 6-17 yrs in the household attended school at least 90% of days in the last month * At least one adult from each household attended at least 2/3 most recent parenting skills classes Other procedures will be the same as in the unconditional cash transfer arm.

n=922 Participants

Vulnerable households in this arm will receive unconditional cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Unconditional Cash Transfers: Households will receive bimonthly payments of US$18 plus US$4 per child under 18 years living in the house up to a maximum of 3 children i.e. transfers will vary from $22 to $30. Households will not be required to comply with conditions in order to receive the cash. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster.

n=722 Participants

Vulnerable households in this arm will not receive cash transfers. A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc) will be made available. Parenting skills classes will also be made available. Standard social services will continue in the area. Standard Agricultural Package: A standard agricultural package (e.g. seeds, fertiliser etc.) will be distributed in all study arms including the control arm as a gesture of goodwill to all those participating in the study. Parenting Skills Classes: 2-3 parenting skills classes will be held annually in each study cluster.