Trial Outcomes & Findings for SMS Turkey: Harnessing the Power of Text Messaging to Promote Smoking Cessation (NCT NCT00912795)
NCT ID: NCT00912795
Last Updated: 2016-10-05
Results Overview
self-reported continuous abstinence since quit day (\<=5 cigarettes) verified with carbon monoxide reading (\<=8ppm)
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
151 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
12-weeks post-quit day
Results posted on
2016-10-05
Participant Flow
Participants were recruited in Ankara, Turkey between December 2010 \& June 2011, through in-person outreach at local shopping malls and local newspapers advertisements. Flyers were also posted at Hacettepe University. Smokers indicated their interest by calling the study office or speaking directly with the research assistant at the shopping mall.
Of the 247 people who expressed interest in participating, 230 were eligible for the study. A total of 151 adults (66% of those eligible) attended the enrollment meeting, where they consented to take part in the research study and were randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
SMS Turkey
6-week smoking cessation program delivered via daily text messages
SMS Turkey: 6-week smoking cessation program delivered via text messaging. SMS Turkey content is guided by the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) theory.
Content was tailored based on participant's stage in quitting (i.e., pre-quit, quit day, early-quit, late-quit, relapse). Based on the typical relapse trajectory, content paths were created for participants based on whether or not they were smoking 2 days after quit day; and again at 7 days after quit day.
Depending on the participant's content path, the total number of messages received ranged from 91 (for those assigned to the encouragement arm) to 146 (for those who relapsed and then were assigned to the late quit messages).
|
Brochure Control
A 7-page brochure that provided general information and tips on how to quit smoking. Participants did not receive any text messages.
The brochure encouraged smokers to follow 5 steps to quitting : (1) set a quit day and sign a contract, (2) find out about their smoking patterns-why they smoke, (3) practice quitting and change their patterns, (4) involve their family and friends, and (5) learn to be a self-supporter.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
76
|
75
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
29
|
17
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
47
|
58
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
SMS Turkey: Harnessing the Power of Text Messaging to Promote Smoking Cessation
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
SMS Turkey
n=76 Participants
6-week smoking cessation program delivered via daily text messages
SMS Turkey: 6-week smoking cessation program delivered via text messaging. SMS Turkey content is guided by the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) theory.
Content was tailored based on participant's stage in quitting (i.e., pre-quit, quit day, early-quit, late-quit, relapse). Based on the typical relapse trajectory, content paths were created for participants based on whether or not they were smoking 2 days after quit day; and again at 7 days after quit day.
Depending on the participant's content path, the total number of messages received ranged from 91 (for those assigned to the encouragement arm) to 146 (for those who relapsed and then were assigned to the late quit messages).
|
Brochure Control
n=75 Participants
A 7-page brochure that provided general information and tips on how to quit smoking. Participants did not receive any text messages.
The brochure encouraged smokers to follow 5 steps to quitting : (1) set a quit day and sign a contract, (2) find out about their smoking patterns-why they smoke, (3) practice quitting and change their patterns, (4) involve their family and friends, and (5) learn to be a self-supporter.
|
Total
n=151 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
35.6 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.3 • n=99 Participants
|
36.1 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.5 • n=107 Participants
|
35.89 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.89 • n=206 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
35 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
24 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
59 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
41 Participants
n=99 Participants
|
51 Participants
n=107 Participants
|
92 Participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Income
Less than 2000 Turkish lira per month
|
23 participants
n=99 Participants
|
37 participants
n=107 Participants
|
60 participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Income
2000 - 4000 Turkish lira per month
|
34 participants
n=99 Participants
|
28 participants
n=107 Participants
|
62 participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Income
More than 4000 Turkish lira per month
|
16 participants
n=99 Participants
|
9 participants
n=107 Participants
|
25 participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Income
Do not want to answer
|
3 participants
n=99 Participants
|
1 participants
n=107 Participants
|
4 participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Martial status
Married
|
42 participants
n=99 Participants
|
49 participants
n=107 Participants
|
91 participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Martial status
Single
|
30 participants
n=99 Participants
|
25 participants
n=107 Participants
|
55 participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Martial status
Divorced
|
4 participants
n=99 Participants
|
0 participants
n=107 Participants
|
4 participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Martial status
Widowed
|
0 participants
n=99 Participants
|
1 participants
n=107 Participants
|
1 participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Educational attainment
High school or less
|
28 participants
n=99 Participants
|
38 participants
n=107 Participants
|
66 participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Educational attainment
Two-year college
|
13 participants
n=99 Participants
|
10 participants
n=107 Participants
|
23 participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Educational attainment
University degree
|
27 participants
n=99 Participants
|
23 participants
n=107 Participants
|
50 participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Educational attainment
Post graduate degree
|
8 participants
n=99 Participants
|
4 participants
n=107 Participants
|
12 participants
n=206 Participants
|
|
Average Number of cigarettes smoked per day
|
18.7 number of cigarettes per day
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.2 • n=99 Participants
|
20.4 number of cigarettes per day
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.2 • n=107 Participants
|
19.53 number of cigarettes per day
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.27 • n=206 Participants
|
|
Age at first cigarette
|
17.5 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.7 • n=99 Participants
|
17.1 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.6 • n=107 Participants
|
17.3 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.6 • n=206 Participants
|
|
Fagerström score
|
4.8 score
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.3 • n=99 Participants
|
4.9 score
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.5 • n=107 Participants
|
4.8 score
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.4 • n=206 Participants
|
|
Importance of quitting to self
|
8.9 score
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6 • n=99 Participants
|
9.0 score
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.4 • n=107 Participants
|
8.9 score
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5 • n=206 Participants
|
|
Confidence in one's ability to quit
|
6.0 score
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.4 • n=99 Participants
|
6.0 score
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.5 • n=107 Participants
|
6.0 score
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.5 • n=206 Participants
|
|
Number of quit attempts in the past year
|
2.4 number of quit attempts
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5 • n=99 Participants
|
2.4 number of quit attempts
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5 • n=107 Participants
|
2.4 number of quit attempts
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5 • n=206 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 12-weeks post-quit dayPopulation: Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis: All participants randomized at baseline included in analyses regardless of completion of 12-week follow-up data. Missing equals failure (i.e., smoked cigarettes).
self-reported continuous abstinence since quit day (\<=5 cigarettes) verified with carbon monoxide reading (\<=8ppm)
Outcome measures
| Measure |
SMS Turkey
n=76 Participants
6-week smoking cessation program delivered via daily text messages
SMS Turkey: 6-week smoking cessation program delivered via text messaging. SMS Turkey content is guided by the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) theory.
Content was tailored based on participant's stage in quitting (i.e., pre-quit, quit day, early-quit, late-quit, relapse). Based on the typical relapse trajectory, content paths were created for participants based on whether or not they were smoking 2 days after quit day; and again at 7 days after quit day.
Depending on the participant's content path, the total number of messages received ranged from 91 (for those assigned to the encouragement arm) to 146 (for those who relapsed and then were assigned to the late quit messages).
|
Brochure Control
n=75 Participants
A 7-page brochure that provided general information and tips on how to quit smoking. Participants did not receive any text messages.
The brochure encouraged smokers to follow 5 steps to quitting : (1) set a quit day and sign a contract, (2) find out about their smoking patterns-why they smoke, (3) practice quitting and change their patterns, (4) involve their family and friends, and (5) learn to be a self-supporter.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Carbon Monoxide-verified Continuous Abstinence at 12 Weeks
|
8 participants
|
4 participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 4 weeksPopulation: Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis: All participants randomized at baseline included in analyses regardless of completion of 12-week follow-up data. Missing equals failure (i.e., smoked cigarettes).
self-reported continuous abstinence in the past 7 days at 4 weeks (\<=5 cigarettes) verified with carbon monoxide reading (\<=8ppm)
Outcome measures
| Measure |
SMS Turkey
n=76 Participants
6-week smoking cessation program delivered via daily text messages
SMS Turkey: 6-week smoking cessation program delivered via text messaging. SMS Turkey content is guided by the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) theory.
Content was tailored based on participant's stage in quitting (i.e., pre-quit, quit day, early-quit, late-quit, relapse). Based on the typical relapse trajectory, content paths were created for participants based on whether or not they were smoking 2 days after quit day; and again at 7 days after quit day.
Depending on the participant's content path, the total number of messages received ranged from 91 (for those assigned to the encouragement arm) to 146 (for those who relapsed and then were assigned to the late quit messages).
|
Brochure Control
n=75 Participants
A 7-page brochure that provided general information and tips on how to quit smoking. Participants did not receive any text messages.
The brochure encouraged smokers to follow 5 steps to quitting : (1) set a quit day and sign a contract, (2) find out about their smoking patterns-why they smoke, (3) practice quitting and change their patterns, (4) involve their family and friends, and (5) learn to be a self-supporter.
|
|---|---|---|
|
CO-verified 7-day Point Prevalence Abstinence at 4 Weeks
|
9 participants
|
7 participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksPopulation: Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis: All participants randomized at baseline included in analyses regardless of completion of 12-week follow-up data. Missing equals failure (i.e., smoked cigarettes).
self-reported smoking abstinence in the past 7 days at 12 weeks (\<=5 cigarettes)
Outcome measures
| Measure |
SMS Turkey
n=76 Participants
6-week smoking cessation program delivered via daily text messages
SMS Turkey: 6-week smoking cessation program delivered via text messaging. SMS Turkey content is guided by the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) theory.
Content was tailored based on participant's stage in quitting (i.e., pre-quit, quit day, early-quit, late-quit, relapse). Based on the typical relapse trajectory, content paths were created for participants based on whether or not they were smoking 2 days after quit day; and again at 7 days after quit day.
Depending on the participant's content path, the total number of messages received ranged from 91 (for those assigned to the encouragement arm) to 146 (for those who relapsed and then were assigned to the late quit messages).
|
Brochure Control
n=75 Participants
A 7-page brochure that provided general information and tips on how to quit smoking. Participants did not receive any text messages.
The brochure encouraged smokers to follow 5 steps to quitting : (1) set a quit day and sign a contract, (2) find out about their smoking patterns-why they smoke, (3) practice quitting and change their patterns, (4) involve their family and friends, and (5) learn to be a self-supporter.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Self-reported 7-day Point Prevalence Abstinence at 12 Weeks
|
10 participants
|
4 participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksPopulation: Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis: All participants randomized at baseline included in analyses regardless of completion of 12-week follow-up data. Missing equals failure (i.e., smoked cigarettes).
self-reported smoking abstinence in the past 30 days at 12 weeks (\<=5 cigarettes)
Outcome measures
| Measure |
SMS Turkey
n=76 Participants
6-week smoking cessation program delivered via daily text messages
SMS Turkey: 6-week smoking cessation program delivered via text messaging. SMS Turkey content is guided by the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) theory.
Content was tailored based on participant's stage in quitting (i.e., pre-quit, quit day, early-quit, late-quit, relapse). Based on the typical relapse trajectory, content paths were created for participants based on whether or not they were smoking 2 days after quit day; and again at 7 days after quit day.
Depending on the participant's content path, the total number of messages received ranged from 91 (for those assigned to the encouragement arm) to 146 (for those who relapsed and then were assigned to the late quit messages).
|
Brochure Control
n=75 Participants
A 7-page brochure that provided general information and tips on how to quit smoking. Participants did not receive any text messages.
The brochure encouraged smokers to follow 5 steps to quitting : (1) set a quit day and sign a contract, (2) find out about their smoking patterns-why they smoke, (3) practice quitting and change their patterns, (4) involve their family and friends, and (5) learn to be a self-supporter.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Self-reported 30-day Point Prevalence Abstinence at 12 Weeks
|
8 participants
|
4 participants
|
Adverse Events
SMS Turkey
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Brochure Control
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Dr. Michele Ybarra
Center for Innovative Public Health Research
Phone: 877-302-6858
Email: [email protected]
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place